chabot space and science centerchabot space and science center
Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center
Don't Miss Your Last Chance to See a Transit of Venus on Tuesday
A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….
Pluto On the Horizon!
Lunar Ice Smack-down a Success!
Producer's Notes: Maya Skies
Jumpin' Jupiter! Where Did the Galileans Go?
Crab Nebula: Awesome Beauty From Destruction
Hubble Gets a New Lease on Space
Sponsored
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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and 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FM","link":"/"}},"quest_47924":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47924","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47924","score":null,"sort":[1355500826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center","title":"Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center ","publishDate":1355500826,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47925\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47925\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" title=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47925\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ultraviolet image of the Sun, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just in time for the imminent event of Solar Maximum, when the sun reaches a crescendo in its 11-year cycle of magnetic activity and all the sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other magnetic mayhem that comes with it, Chabot Space & Science Center is opening a new solar exhibition that features the latest in stunning ultraviolet satellite imagery from \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibition \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/touch-the-sun.htm\" title=\"Touch the Sun at Chabot\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\" will open on December 22nd—because we figure since the world is NOT ending on December 21st, might as well celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, which you will have heard me ramble on about if you're a regular reader of these blogs, is one of the latest and most advanced space-borne solar observatories and has been revealing the wonders of the sun since 2010 as we've never seen them before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/solarmin-max.html\" title=\"Solar Maximum versus Solar Minimum\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Maximum\u003c/a> is in progress as I type and is expected to reach a peak sometime in early 2013. But, as with weather, we won't know exactly when the peak will occur until after it's passed and solar activity begins to relax again, sloping off toward Solar Minimum in the years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Cycle\" target=\"_blank\">11-year solar cycle\u003c/a> has been known of for a few hundred years now, practically since the time when observers first were able to make routine counts of sunspots using telescopes. Galileo is attributed with being one of the first to make regular observations of sunspots, recording their positions, sizes, shapes, and numbers regularly. After decades of observations by different astronomers a pattern in the rise and fall of sunspot numbers was detected: a fairly regular peak-and-trough pattern over time, with the peak sunspot numbers separated by about 11 years on average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not known at first what \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/images/sunspots_earth_size_big_jpg_image.html\" title=\"Sunspot\" target=\"_blank\">sunspots\u003c/a> are, but they were eventually identified as effects caused by the presence of strong magnetic fields at the sun's visible surface. Once we began sending scientific instruments into space, outside of Earth's light-obscuring atmosphere, we learned that there is a lot more going on than merely dark spots making cyclical appearances. Observations of the sun's ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays showed us the sun's intensely hot atmosphere and regions of magnetic activity surging up from within the sun -- marking its surface with sunspots on its way out and looping and arcing far outward into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sun is mostly a giant sphere of hydrogen and helium plasma (ionized gas) with an enormous thermonuclear reactor at its core, where pressure and temperature are great enough to cause nuclear fusion, hydrogen nuclei are fused together to form helium nuclei, then release energy in the process -- the same process that powers hydrogen bombs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy liberated at the sun's core makes its way outward, eventually, through various layers of the sun's interior. (One of my opening questions that I put to kids visiting Chabot is, \"Why is the sun like an ogre?\" Answer: \"It has layers.\" Don't get it? The kids do -- at least, those who have seen the movie Shrek.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its final sprint upward to the sun's visible surface, solar plasma rises in enormous, high-speed updrafts called convection cells, with a typical cell being close to the size of a state like California. The motion of all that plasma -- which is essentially electrified gas -- generates magnetic fields, much as the circulating electric current in an electromagnet's coil does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where sunspots, \u003ca href=\"http://planetsave.com/2012/12/01/super-solar-flares-20-times-more-powerful-than-any-known-in-modern-times-are-possible-on-the-sun-research-finds/\" title=\"Solar Flare\" target=\"_blank\">solar flares\u003c/a>, space weather storms and the solar cycle itself come in: they are all effects of the dynamic, ever-lively dance of magnetism generated by the swirling, twisting motions of solar plasma. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings me back to the soon-to-open \u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em> exhibition at Chabot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've enjoyed your favorite movie or TV show or a Superbowl game on a nice big high-def plasma TV, you ain't seen nothin' yet. Come experience the biggest and most awesomely stunning plasma display around: the sun. You'll not only get to play with the sun's ogre-like layers, you'll get to play with the stuff of the sun itself: with a 20-inch plasma globe you can pull your own filaments of plasma like electric pizza dough and with a 3-foot \"Ferro-fluid\" dish you can sculpt your own sunspots with a magnet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So (punchline alert), come to Chabot on (or after) December 22nd and touch the sun. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Just in time for the imminent event of Solar Maximum, Chabot Space & Science Center is opening a new solar exhibition that features the latest in stunning ultraviolet satellite imagery from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998180,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":768},"headData":{"title":"Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center | KQED","description":"Just in time for the imminent event of Solar Maximum, Chabot Space & Science Center is opening a new solar exhibition that features the latest in stunning ultraviolet satellite imagery from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47924 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47924","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center/","disqusTitle":"Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center ","path":"/quest/47924/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47925\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47925\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" title=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47925\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ultraviolet image of the Sun, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just in time for the imminent event of Solar Maximum, when the sun reaches a crescendo in its 11-year cycle of magnetic activity and all the sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other magnetic mayhem that comes with it, Chabot Space & Science Center is opening a new solar exhibition that features the latest in stunning ultraviolet satellite imagery from \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibition \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/touch-the-sun.htm\" title=\"Touch the Sun at Chabot\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\" will open on December 22nd—because we figure since the world is NOT ending on December 21st, might as well celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, which you will have heard me ramble on about if you're a regular reader of these blogs, is one of the latest and most advanced space-borne solar observatories and has been revealing the wonders of the sun since 2010 as we've never seen them before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/solarmin-max.html\" title=\"Solar Maximum versus Solar Minimum\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Maximum\u003c/a> is in progress as I type and is expected to reach a peak sometime in early 2013. But, as with weather, we won't know exactly when the peak will occur until after it's passed and solar activity begins to relax again, sloping off toward Solar Minimum in the years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Cycle\" target=\"_blank\">11-year solar cycle\u003c/a> has been known of for a few hundred years now, practically since the time when observers first were able to make routine counts of sunspots using telescopes. Galileo is attributed with being one of the first to make regular observations of sunspots, recording their positions, sizes, shapes, and numbers regularly. After decades of observations by different astronomers a pattern in the rise and fall of sunspot numbers was detected: a fairly regular peak-and-trough pattern over time, with the peak sunspot numbers separated by about 11 years on average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not known at first what \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/images/sunspots_earth_size_big_jpg_image.html\" title=\"Sunspot\" target=\"_blank\">sunspots\u003c/a> are, but they were eventually identified as effects caused by the presence of strong magnetic fields at the sun's visible surface. Once we began sending scientific instruments into space, outside of Earth's light-obscuring atmosphere, we learned that there is a lot more going on than merely dark spots making cyclical appearances. Observations of the sun's ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays showed us the sun's intensely hot atmosphere and regions of magnetic activity surging up from within the sun -- marking its surface with sunspots on its way out and looping and arcing far outward into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sun is mostly a giant sphere of hydrogen and helium plasma (ionized gas) with an enormous thermonuclear reactor at its core, where pressure and temperature are great enough to cause nuclear fusion, hydrogen nuclei are fused together to form helium nuclei, then release energy in the process -- the same process that powers hydrogen bombs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy liberated at the sun's core makes its way outward, eventually, through various layers of the sun's interior. (One of my opening questions that I put to kids visiting Chabot is, \"Why is the sun like an ogre?\" Answer: \"It has layers.\" Don't get it? The kids do -- at least, those who have seen the movie Shrek.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its final sprint upward to the sun's visible surface, solar plasma rises in enormous, high-speed updrafts called convection cells, with a typical cell being close to the size of a state like California. The motion of all that plasma -- which is essentially electrified gas -- generates magnetic fields, much as the circulating electric current in an electromagnet's coil does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where sunspots, \u003ca href=\"http://planetsave.com/2012/12/01/super-solar-flares-20-times-more-powerful-than-any-known-in-modern-times-are-possible-on-the-sun-research-finds/\" title=\"Solar Flare\" target=\"_blank\">solar flares\u003c/a>, space weather storms and the solar cycle itself come in: they are all effects of the dynamic, ever-lively dance of magnetism generated by the swirling, twisting motions of solar plasma. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings me back to the soon-to-open \u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em> exhibition at Chabot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've enjoyed your favorite movie or TV show or a Superbowl game on a nice big high-def plasma TV, you ain't seen nothin' yet. Come experience the biggest and most awesomely stunning plasma display around: the sun. You'll not only get to play with the sun's ogre-like layers, you'll get to play with the stuff of the sun itself: with a 20-inch plasma globe you can pull your own filaments of plasma like electric pizza dough and with a 3-foot \"Ferro-fluid\" dish you can sculpt your own sunspots with a magnet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So (punchline alert), come to Chabot on (or after) December 22nd and touch the sun. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47924/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_544","quest_545","quest_13202","quest_2827"],"featImg":"quest_47925","label":"quest"},"quest_38948":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38948","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38948","score":null,"sort":[1338562857000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"last-chance-to-see-a-transit-of-venus%e2%80%94im-serious","title":"Don't Miss Your Last Chance to See a Transit of Venus on Tuesday","publishDate":1338562857,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38949\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/01/last-chance-to-see-a-transit-of-venus%e2%80%94im-serious/venustransit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38949\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/venustransit.jpg\" alt=\"The Transit of Venus. Diagram from Starry Night Pro. Image from NASA's TRACE spacecraft, 2004. \" title=\"The Transit of Venus. Diagram from Starry Night Pro. Image from NASA's TRACE spacecraft, 2004. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38949\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/venustransit.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/venustransit-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Transit of Venus. Diagram from Starry Night Pro. Image from NASA's TRACE spacecraft, 2004. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the past few months, we've been showing people the brilliant white flare in our evening skies that is the planet Venus, Earth's closest sibling in both size and distance. On Tuesday, June 5th, that same bright planet will accomplish a rare feat, appearing for a few hours not as a bright spot on the nighttime sky, but as a dark spot in the daytime, silhouetted against the brilliant disk of the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The event is called the \"transit of Venus\" and not only is it a rare and beautiful wonder and been a pivotal historical event of great scientific significance, but Tuesday's is the last one any of us will ever see--except for, perhaps, some toddlers who are destined to live to ripe old ages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So don't miss the chance to experience history on Tuesday, June 5, 3:04 PM to 9:46 PM PDT. Did I mention it's a rare event of historical scientific significance? And that it's your last chance to see it! Get it? If you own a toddler, make sure they see it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You'll be glad you made the effort, as you'll then be members of a very exclusive club, one without membership dues. Since the invention of the telescope in 1608 there have been only seven transits of Venus, and Tuesday's will make eight. The transit of 1631 went unobserved and the 1639 event, the first ever observed, may have been seen by only two people. Talk about an exclusive club; more people have walked on the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the 18th and 19th century transits of Venus, expeditions were sent out across the globe to observe Venus' path across the Sun -- including one led by Captain James Cook, in 1769. The observations were compared and used to triangulate the actual distance from the Earth to the Sun and by extension of scale to all the other planets in the solar system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is this phenomenon of historical scientific importance, it's even an opportunity for scientific investigation today. Tuesday's transit will be observed by researchers to refine techniques for detecting the presence of extrasolar planets (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets/\">exoplanets\u003c/a>): planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. Heck, there may even be an alien civilization who has detected the presence of Venus -- or the Earth for that matter -- by observing a transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, now that I've convinced you not to miss Tuesday's transit of Venus, I suppose I should suggest some ways to actually see it. Fortunately, you have some options, even if you don't have a telescope or know how to use one to safely observe the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way is through live public webcasts going on throughout the event. To name a couple, \u003ca href=\"http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/webcasts/nasaedge/\" title=\"NASA Edge\" target=\"_blank\">NASA Edge\u003c/a> will be webcasting from Hawaii's Mauna Kea and from only a lava-bomb's-throw away, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/venus/\" title=\"Exploratorium Venus transit webcast\" target=\"_blank\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> will be feeding us a stream from Mauna Loa. From those volcanoes, chances of bad weather obstructing the view is minimal and from Hawaii the entire transit can be observed start to finish. (Whereas, here in Oakland, the Sun will set over an hour before Venus departs the sun's disk). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're looking for a public viewing party or event near you (that is, if you're not close enough to Chabot Space & Science Center to get here), check out \u003ca href=\"http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2012/transit/index.php\" title=\"NASA Venus Transit 2012 - Sun Earth Day\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Venus transit 2012\u003c/a> page and click on the \"Event Locations\" map. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/triple-play.htm\" title=\"Chabot Space and Science Center Shadow Triple Play\" target=\"_blank\">At Chabot\u003c/a>, we'll be doing it all. We'll have an array of safe-sun-viewing telescopes and their attendant experts on our Observatory Deck (weather permitting). We'll be viewing the live webcasts on the domes of our planetarium and theater. We'll have roving scientists on hand to answer your questions, enthusiastic volunteers and staff eager to maximize your historic experience and fun activities going on for the whole family. We expect crowds, so I recommend \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/calendar.htm?date=6-5-2012&p=1439355\" title=\"Chabot Venus Transit Event June 5 2012\" target=\"_blank\">purchasing tickets\u003c/a> in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for viewing the transit of Venus yourself, the most important advice I can give you is not to look at the Sun directly, with your eyes or with a telescope. This could result in permanent eye damage. There are safe methods for using a telescope to view the sun. One is by projecting the image of the sun onto a piece of paper. The other is by using a proper solar filter. If you are not thus equipped, find someone who is.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Don't miss the chance to experience history! Tuesday, June 5, 3:04 PM to 9:46 PM PDT, the Transit of Venus. Rare event. Historical scientific significance. Last chance to see it!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998704,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":763},"headData":{"title":"Don't Miss Your Last Chance to See a Transit of Venus on Tuesday | KQED","description":"Don't miss the chance to experience history! Tuesday, June 5, 3:04 PM to 9:46 PM PDT, the Transit of Venus. Rare event. Historical scientific significance. Last chance to see it!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"38948 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=38948","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/01/last-chance-to-see-a-transit-of-venus%e2%80%94im-serious/","disqusTitle":"Don't Miss Your Last Chance to See a Transit of Venus on Tuesday","path":"/quest/38948/last-chance-to-see-a-transit-of-venus%e2%80%94im-serious","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38949\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/01/last-chance-to-see-a-transit-of-venus%e2%80%94im-serious/venustransit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38949\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/venustransit.jpg\" alt=\"The Transit of Venus. Diagram from Starry Night Pro. Image from NASA's TRACE spacecraft, 2004. \" title=\"The Transit of Venus. Diagram from Starry Night Pro. Image from NASA's TRACE spacecraft, 2004. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38949\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/venustransit.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/venustransit-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Transit of Venus. Diagram from Starry Night Pro. Image from NASA's TRACE spacecraft, 2004. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the past few months, we've been showing people the brilliant white flare in our evening skies that is the planet Venus, Earth's closest sibling in both size and distance. On Tuesday, June 5th, that same bright planet will accomplish a rare feat, appearing for a few hours not as a bright spot on the nighttime sky, but as a dark spot in the daytime, silhouetted against the brilliant disk of the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The event is called the \"transit of Venus\" and not only is it a rare and beautiful wonder and been a pivotal historical event of great scientific significance, but Tuesday's is the last one any of us will ever see--except for, perhaps, some toddlers who are destined to live to ripe old ages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So don't miss the chance to experience history on Tuesday, June 5, 3:04 PM to 9:46 PM PDT. Did I mention it's a rare event of historical scientific significance? And that it's your last chance to see it! Get it? If you own a toddler, make sure they see it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You'll be glad you made the effort, as you'll then be members of a very exclusive club, one without membership dues. Since the invention of the telescope in 1608 there have been only seven transits of Venus, and Tuesday's will make eight. The transit of 1631 went unobserved and the 1639 event, the first ever observed, may have been seen by only two people. Talk about an exclusive club; more people have walked on the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the 18th and 19th century transits of Venus, expeditions were sent out across the globe to observe Venus' path across the Sun -- including one led by Captain James Cook, in 1769. The observations were compared and used to triangulate the actual distance from the Earth to the Sun and by extension of scale to all the other planets in the solar system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is this phenomenon of historical scientific importance, it's even an opportunity for scientific investigation today. Tuesday's transit will be observed by researchers to refine techniques for detecting the presence of extrasolar planets (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets/\">exoplanets\u003c/a>): planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. Heck, there may even be an alien civilization who has detected the presence of Venus -- or the Earth for that matter -- by observing a transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, now that I've convinced you not to miss Tuesday's transit of Venus, I suppose I should suggest some ways to actually see it. Fortunately, you have some options, even if you don't have a telescope or know how to use one to safely observe the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way is through live public webcasts going on throughout the event. To name a couple, \u003ca href=\"http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/webcasts/nasaedge/\" title=\"NASA Edge\" target=\"_blank\">NASA Edge\u003c/a> will be webcasting from Hawaii's Mauna Kea and from only a lava-bomb's-throw away, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/venus/\" title=\"Exploratorium Venus transit webcast\" target=\"_blank\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> will be feeding us a stream from Mauna Loa. From those volcanoes, chances of bad weather obstructing the view is minimal and from Hawaii the entire transit can be observed start to finish. (Whereas, here in Oakland, the Sun will set over an hour before Venus departs the sun's disk). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're looking for a public viewing party or event near you (that is, if you're not close enough to Chabot Space & Science Center to get here), check out \u003ca href=\"http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2012/transit/index.php\" title=\"NASA Venus Transit 2012 - Sun Earth Day\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Venus transit 2012\u003c/a> page and click on the \"Event Locations\" map. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/triple-play.htm\" title=\"Chabot Space and Science Center Shadow Triple Play\" target=\"_blank\">At Chabot\u003c/a>, we'll be doing it all. We'll have an array of safe-sun-viewing telescopes and their attendant experts on our Observatory Deck (weather permitting). We'll be viewing the live webcasts on the domes of our planetarium and theater. We'll have roving scientists on hand to answer your questions, enthusiastic volunteers and staff eager to maximize your historic experience and fun activities going on for the whole family. We expect crowds, so I recommend \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/calendar.htm?date=6-5-2012&p=1439355\" title=\"Chabot Venus Transit Event June 5 2012\" target=\"_blank\">purchasing tickets\u003c/a> in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for viewing the transit of Venus yourself, the most important advice I can give you is not to look at the Sun directly, with your eyes or with a telescope. This could result in permanent eye damage. There are safe methods for using a telescope to view the sun. One is by projecting the image of the sun onto a piece of paper. The other is by using a proper solar filter. If you are not thus equipped, find someone who is.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38948/last-chance-to-see-a-transit-of-venus%e2%80%94im-serious","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_544","quest_545","quest_13202","quest_10949"],"featImg":"quest_38949","label":"quest"},"quest_6175":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6175","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6175","score":null,"sort":[1276883386000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","title":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….","publishDate":1276883386,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/Copy-of-aug12conjunction.jpg\">\u003cem>August 12 2010 conjunction of Venus, Mars, Saturn, with Moon and Mercury\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't usually blog about things going on in the sky, unless those goings on are things we witness through telescopes or robotic space probes—things that can't be seen with the unaided eye. I thought I'd make an exception in this case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark your calendars for August 12th—and cross your fingers that the weather is clear that evening. Then, plan to be in a spot where you can have an unobstructed view of the western horizon. Check your calendar frequently to remind yourself, and when the date draws near, set your alarm clock….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, what I'm going on about here is an upcoming \"conjunction\" of objects that will be at its stunning best on this evening. The players: \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/venus.asp\">Venus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/mars.asp\">Mars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/saturn-BDrelling.asp\">Saturn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/transit_of_mercury.asp\">Mercury\u003c/a>, and our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/moon-ph082804.asp\">Moon\u003c/a>, performing together as an ensemble for a limited engagement, on the stage of the western horizon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now (as of mid June), Saturn (high in the south in Virgo), Mars (in the southwest in Leo, near the bright star Regulus), and Venus (that really stupendously bright thing that will give you second-hand sunburn if you're not careful--low on the western horizon, next to the twin stars of Castor and Pollux, in Gemini) are all strung out in a long, well-spaced line, as if queuing up for some great performance. But, as time goes forward, these three will gradually move closer and closer to each other, gathering toward the western twilight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around early to mid August, these three will be in a quite compact little group, at one point forming a nice little triangle. But on August 12, not only will they be in about their tightest grouping of this conjunction, they will be joined by the thin crescent of the Moon, just past the New phase, and that Mercurial planet—what else? Mercury—in one amazing gathering of luminaries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not the end of the world, or a time of great change—at least, not a time of great change CAUSED by the conjunction--but it is a rare and beautiful alignment of celestial bodies that we don't get to see more than once every few years. Hence, I'm blogging about it so you don't miss it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this celestial stage act were not reward enough for those who find beauty in nature's rare and wondrous events, August 12th is also the peak of the Perseid Meteor Shower, the most reliable of the annual meteor showers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no excuses: make a plan, put together a nocturnal picnic, search a spot from where you can view the western horizon, and, if you can one, that's away from city lights as much as possible (to make it easier to see those meteors). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and planets…and Moon…and meteors….","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371076898,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":487},"headData":{"title":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors…. | KQED","description":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and planets…and Moon…and meteors….","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"6175 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6175","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/06/18/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6/","disqusTitle":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….","path":"/quest/6175/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/Copy-of-aug12conjunction.jpg\">\u003cem>August 12 2010 conjunction of Venus, Mars, Saturn, with Moon and Mercury\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't usually blog about things going on in the sky, unless those goings on are things we witness through telescopes or robotic space probes—things that can't be seen with the unaided eye. I thought I'd make an exception in this case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark your calendars for August 12th—and cross your fingers that the weather is clear that evening. Then, plan to be in a spot where you can have an unobstructed view of the western horizon. Check your calendar frequently to remind yourself, and when the date draws near, set your alarm clock….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, what I'm going on about here is an upcoming \"conjunction\" of objects that will be at its stunning best on this evening. The players: \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/venus.asp\">Venus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/mars.asp\">Mars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/saturn-BDrelling.asp\">Saturn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/transit_of_mercury.asp\">Mercury\u003c/a>, and our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/moon-ph082804.asp\">Moon\u003c/a>, performing together as an ensemble for a limited engagement, on the stage of the western horizon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now (as of mid June), Saturn (high in the south in Virgo), Mars (in the southwest in Leo, near the bright star Regulus), and Venus (that really stupendously bright thing that will give you second-hand sunburn if you're not careful--low on the western horizon, next to the twin stars of Castor and Pollux, in Gemini) are all strung out in a long, well-spaced line, as if queuing up for some great performance. But, as time goes forward, these three will gradually move closer and closer to each other, gathering toward the western twilight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around early to mid August, these three will be in a quite compact little group, at one point forming a nice little triangle. But on August 12, not only will they be in about their tightest grouping of this conjunction, they will be joined by the thin crescent of the Moon, just past the New phase, and that Mercurial planet—what else? Mercury—in one amazing gathering of luminaries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not the end of the world, or a time of great change—at least, not a time of great change CAUSED by the conjunction--but it is a rare and beautiful alignment of celestial bodies that we don't get to see more than once every few years. Hence, I'm blogging about it so you don't miss it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this celestial stage act were not reward enough for those who find beauty in nature's rare and wondrous events, August 12th is also the peak of the Perseid Meteor Shower, the most reliable of the annual meteor showers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no excuses: make a plan, put together a nocturnal picnic, search a spot from where you can view the western horizon, and, if you can one, that's away from city lights as much as possible (to make it easier to see those meteors). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6175/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_545","quest_1799","quest_1870","quest_2216","quest_2775"],"label":"quest"},"quest_5702":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5702","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5702","score":null,"sort":[1272047835000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"pluto-on-the-horizon","title":"Pluto On the Horizon!","publishDate":1272047835,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/pluto-art.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist's concept of a Pluto landscape, with moon Charon on \u003cbr>the horizon. NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I've been waiting for some new news from the outer reaches of our solar system. Sometimes it seems the very cold, very dark netherworld beyond Neptune is a very uneventful region. Things move more slowly, the Sun's dim light only tickles the frigid atoms and molecules out there, and being so far removed from our robotic and telescopic scrutiny, we don't see much to begin with. But, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, my favorite dwarf planet, Pluto, is on the horizon again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations of Pluto have been made by Hubble before, bringing us the most detailed images of that small world ever taken. Still, the images reveal little more than variations in shading, and in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/14apr_molasses/\">most recent observations\u003c/a>, some color.\u003cbr>\nThe recent images show the dwarf planet from different angles, grabbed at different times as Pluto slowly rotates, once about every six days. The darker areas have been characterized as having a \"molasses\" color—I'm assuming that means very dark brown, as that's the color of molasses in the bottle in our kitchen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is Pluto's surface oozing with syrupy sugars? First of all, nothing should be oozing at all under the temperatures Pluto routinely experiences. Since Pluto reached its closest approach to the Sun back in the 1980s—something that happens only every 248 years—temperatures have risen to their highest in our lifetimes, and are now up to about -385 degrees Fahrenheit. Yeah, minus. Global warming on Pluto….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists don't yet know what the deep brown regions are, some expect it has something to do with Pluto's methane, the existence of which we've known for some time from spectroscopic measurements. Methane is a hydrocarbon—an \"organic molecule\"--whose chemistry is part of the basis of life on Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's not to say there's life on Pluto—but one theory about the molasses-colored patches is that it may be some sort of tar-like substance that has developed over millions of years from the Sun's weak rays interacting with Pluto's methane. Over its seasonal and orbital gyrations, Pluto's methane cycles from being frozen solid on the ground to being a gas and forming a thin atmosphere; right now that atmosphere is as thick as it's ever been in our lifetimes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will astronauts in the distant future have to worry about getting stuck in something sticky when they walk around on Pluto? Too early to tell….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since childhood I've been fascinated by Pluto—probably more for our lack of knowing it than for anything we actually know (which isn't a whole lot: small, cold, dark, slow, patchy brown, methane, three moons; that's the lion's-share of our knowledge). It's a place of mystery, not unlike Mars and Venus, or Jupiter's Galilean moons, were long ago (like in my childhood), before we sent spacecraft to see them up close, and before we had the powerful eye of Hubble. Mars, at least, we're getting to know pretty well; it still holds plenty of mysteries, but somehow feels not so far removed, and familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, something else is on the horizon in the exploration of Pluto: in five years, NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft will whiz by and in a few short hours collect an amount of information that will absolutely dwarf all that we have learned since Pluto was discovered in 1930. It's like the treks of Pioneer and Voyager all over again, back in the 1970s and 1980s, when we first visited the Gas Giant planets, and moons like Io and Europa went from being fuzzy blobs with variations in surface shading and color to worlds with craters and volcanoes and ice fissures and…well, let's just say I can hardly wait to get that up-close glimpse of Pluto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Since childhood I've been fascinated by Pluto—probably more for our lack of knowing it than for anything we actually know.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309997051,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":676},"headData":{"title":"Pluto On the Horizon! | KQED","description":"Since childhood I've been fascinated by Pluto—probably more for our lack of knowing it than for anything we actually know.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"5702 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=5702","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/23/pluto-on-the-horizon/","disqusTitle":"Pluto On the Horizon!","path":"/quest/5702/pluto-on-the-horizon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/pluto-art.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist's concept of a Pluto landscape, with moon Charon on \u003cbr>the horizon. NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I've been waiting for some new news from the outer reaches of our solar system. Sometimes it seems the very cold, very dark netherworld beyond Neptune is a very uneventful region. Things move more slowly, the Sun's dim light only tickles the frigid atoms and molecules out there, and being so far removed from our robotic and telescopic scrutiny, we don't see much to begin with. But, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, my favorite dwarf planet, Pluto, is on the horizon again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations of Pluto have been made by Hubble before, bringing us the most detailed images of that small world ever taken. Still, the images reveal little more than variations in shading, and in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/14apr_molasses/\">most recent observations\u003c/a>, some color.\u003cbr>\nThe recent images show the dwarf planet from different angles, grabbed at different times as Pluto slowly rotates, once about every six days. The darker areas have been characterized as having a \"molasses\" color—I'm assuming that means very dark brown, as that's the color of molasses in the bottle in our kitchen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is Pluto's surface oozing with syrupy sugars? First of all, nothing should be oozing at all under the temperatures Pluto routinely experiences. Since Pluto reached its closest approach to the Sun back in the 1980s—something that happens only every 248 years—temperatures have risen to their highest in our lifetimes, and are now up to about -385 degrees Fahrenheit. Yeah, minus. Global warming on Pluto….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists don't yet know what the deep brown regions are, some expect it has something to do with Pluto's methane, the existence of which we've known for some time from spectroscopic measurements. Methane is a hydrocarbon—an \"organic molecule\"--whose chemistry is part of the basis of life on Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's not to say there's life on Pluto—but one theory about the molasses-colored patches is that it may be some sort of tar-like substance that has developed over millions of years from the Sun's weak rays interacting with Pluto's methane. Over its seasonal and orbital gyrations, Pluto's methane cycles from being frozen solid on the ground to being a gas and forming a thin atmosphere; right now that atmosphere is as thick as it's ever been in our lifetimes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will astronauts in the distant future have to worry about getting stuck in something sticky when they walk around on Pluto? Too early to tell….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since childhood I've been fascinated by Pluto—probably more for our lack of knowing it than for anything we actually know (which isn't a whole lot: small, cold, dark, slow, patchy brown, methane, three moons; that's the lion's-share of our knowledge). It's a place of mystery, not unlike Mars and Venus, or Jupiter's Galilean moons, were long ago (like in my childhood), before we sent spacecraft to see them up close, and before we had the powerful eye of Hubble. Mars, at least, we're getting to know pretty well; it still holds plenty of mysteries, but somehow feels not so far removed, and familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, something else is on the horizon in the exploration of Pluto: in five years, NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft will whiz by and in a few short hours collect an amount of information that will absolutely dwarf all that we have learned since Pluto was discovered in 1930. It's like the treks of Pioneer and Voyager all over again, back in the 1970s and 1980s, when we first visited the Gas Giant planets, and moons like Io and Europa went from being fuzzy blobs with variations in surface shading and color to worlds with craters and volcanoes and ice fissures and…well, let's just say I can hardly wait to get that up-close glimpse of Pluto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5702/pluto-on-the-horizon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_545","quest_1918","quest_2237","quest_2739"],"label":"quest"},"quest_4381":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_4381","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"4381","score":null,"sort":[1258734612000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lunar-ice-smack-down-a-success","title":"Lunar Ice Smack-down a Success!","publishDate":1258734612,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>It's official: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/prelim_water_results.html\">NASA's LCROSS mission found water on the Moon\u003c/a>, no bones about it. Though NASA is still analyzing all the data they reaped from the LCROSS impact event on October 9th, and will be for a long time to come, they seem confident enough about the preliminary findings to make this a definite declaration of discovery! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to October 9th. It was a lot of fun watching the event up here at Chabot. We'd hoped to observe the impact through our 36-inch telescope, Nellie, but were clouded out. Fortunately, the main part of the show was brought to us via satellite from NASA—and from the vantage point of the LCROSS spacecraft, on its collision course with the Moon, where terrestrial weather was not a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4382\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/LCROSS-Chabot-cjung2009.jpg\" alt=\"The view from the control room of Chabot's planetarium, during the live LCROSS lunar impact event on October 9th, 2009.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4382\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The view from the control room of Chabot's planetarium, during the live LCROSS lunar impact event on October 9th, 2009.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our planetarium was filled—overfilled actually; we had to open up our theater across the hall as an overflow viewing area! Mind you, it was 3:00 in the morning on a Friday, and still over 300 people showed up in various states of caffeination. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I set up the planetarium to resemble the control room of a futuristic starship: a huge spinning animation of the Moon overhead, and several large projections showing simulations of the impending impact, recent images from other lunar missions, and, front and center, the view from NASA, which alternated between Mission Control at Ames Research Center and a live view from the LCROSS spacecraft itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The view from LCROSS showed an ever-nearing wall of lunar craters and topography as LCROSS homed in on its fate. The announcement was made that the primary impactor, LCROSS's Centaur upper rocket stage, had impacted, and we all strained our eyes looking for the plume of dust the impact was hoped to produce. But, the impact didn't create as visible an ejecta plume as expected; we stared on, but only saw the wall of craters loom closer and closer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four minutes between Centaur impact and the inevitable impact by LCROSS itself ticked by, and we held our breaths. Then, the image went blank, and NASA announced that LCROSS had impacted the Moon. Though we didn't see the plume, it was exciting to ride along with LCROSS to its end, and live to tell about it. Next better thing to being there….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to the water. Though no plume of dust was seen by LCROSS's main visible camera, that's not all it had in its toolbox of instruments. Most revealing was data collected by LCROSS's spectrometer—the device that sorts out the wavelengths of light and discriminates the specific wavelengths emitted by specific chemicals. Water (H2O) and hydroxyl (OH) seem to have been present in the dust plumes kicked up from the permanently shadowed floor of Cabeus crater, at the lunar south pole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more: other volatile chemicals—whose identities will no doubt be revealed by NASA in coming months in the due course of their data analysis—appear to have been detected in the impact plume. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/090923-moon-water-discovery.html\">How much water? \u003c/a>Are we talking vast sheets of solid ice, glaciers, and land-locked icebergs? Well…though NASA hasn't yet characterized the quantities of water inferred by LCROSS's detection, the serene waters of Cabeus likely are a mixture of lunar soil and ice—a substance you'd have to work at to extract pure water from. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more exciting discoveries to come, stay tuned to the Moon….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's LCROSS mission found water on the Moon, no bones about it. Though NASA is still analyzing all the data they reaped from the LCROSS impact event on October 9th, and will be for a long time to come, they seem confident enough about the preliminary findings to make this a definite declaration of discovery!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457740523,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":606},"headData":{"title":"Lunar Ice Smack-down a Success! | KQED","description":"NASA's LCROSS mission found water on the Moon, no bones about it. Though NASA is still analyzing all the data they reaped from the LCROSS impact event on October 9th, and will be for a long time to come, they seem confident enough about the preliminary findings to make this a definite declaration of discovery!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"4381 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=4381","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/11/20/lunar-ice-smack-down-a-success/","disqusTitle":"Lunar Ice Smack-down a Success!","path":"/quest/4381/lunar-ice-smack-down-a-success","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's official: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/prelim_water_results.html\">NASA's LCROSS mission found water on the Moon\u003c/a>, no bones about it. Though NASA is still analyzing all the data they reaped from the LCROSS impact event on October 9th, and will be for a long time to come, they seem confident enough about the preliminary findings to make this a definite declaration of discovery! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to October 9th. It was a lot of fun watching the event up here at Chabot. We'd hoped to observe the impact through our 36-inch telescope, Nellie, but were clouded out. Fortunately, the main part of the show was brought to us via satellite from NASA—and from the vantage point of the LCROSS spacecraft, on its collision course with the Moon, where terrestrial weather was not a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4382\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/LCROSS-Chabot-cjung2009.jpg\" alt=\"The view from the control room of Chabot's planetarium, during the live LCROSS lunar impact event on October 9th, 2009.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4382\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The view from the control room of Chabot's planetarium, during the live LCROSS lunar impact event on October 9th, 2009.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our planetarium was filled—overfilled actually; we had to open up our theater across the hall as an overflow viewing area! Mind you, it was 3:00 in the morning on a Friday, and still over 300 people showed up in various states of caffeination. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I set up the planetarium to resemble the control room of a futuristic starship: a huge spinning animation of the Moon overhead, and several large projections showing simulations of the impending impact, recent images from other lunar missions, and, front and center, the view from NASA, which alternated between Mission Control at Ames Research Center and a live view from the LCROSS spacecraft itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The view from LCROSS showed an ever-nearing wall of lunar craters and topography as LCROSS homed in on its fate. The announcement was made that the primary impactor, LCROSS's Centaur upper rocket stage, had impacted, and we all strained our eyes looking for the plume of dust the impact was hoped to produce. But, the impact didn't create as visible an ejecta plume as expected; we stared on, but only saw the wall of craters loom closer and closer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four minutes between Centaur impact and the inevitable impact by LCROSS itself ticked by, and we held our breaths. Then, the image went blank, and NASA announced that LCROSS had impacted the Moon. Though we didn't see the plume, it was exciting to ride along with LCROSS to its end, and live to tell about it. Next better thing to being there….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to the water. Though no plume of dust was seen by LCROSS's main visible camera, that's not all it had in its toolbox of instruments. Most revealing was data collected by LCROSS's spectrometer—the device that sorts out the wavelengths of light and discriminates the specific wavelengths emitted by specific chemicals. Water (H2O) and hydroxyl (OH) seem to have been present in the dust plumes kicked up from the permanently shadowed floor of Cabeus crater, at the lunar south pole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more: other volatile chemicals—whose identities will no doubt be revealed by NASA in coming months in the due course of their data analysis—appear to have been detected in the impact plume. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/090923-moon-water-discovery.html\">How much water? \u003c/a>Are we talking vast sheets of solid ice, glaciers, and land-locked icebergs? Well…though NASA hasn't yet characterized the quantities of water inferred by LCROSS's detection, the serene waters of Cabeus likely are a mixture of lunar soil and ice—a substance you'd have to work at to extract pure water from. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more exciting discoveries to come, stay tuned to the Moon….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/4381/lunar-ice-smack-down-a-success","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_545","quest_1631","quest_1870","quest_1918"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3875":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3875","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3875","score":null,"sort":[1255454660000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-maya-skies","title":"Producer's Notes: Maya Skies","publishDate":1255454660,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>On this week’s TV episode of QUEST, we go behind the scenes of \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, the new film produced by Oakland’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>. The half-hour film about Maya astronomy opens at the center’s planetarium on November 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The film is groundbreaking for a couple of reasons. It’s the first time the Chabot center is using state-of-the art laser scanning technology to create one of its films. For \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, a team of 25 people spent seven weeks scanning the ruins of the ancient city of \u003ca href=\"http://www.traditionsofthesun.org\">Chichén Itzá\u003c/a>, in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula. This technology is widely used by Hollywood productions because of the flexibility it gives a creative team. Once they’ve scanned a particular site, they can play with any one of its variables: they can create the illusion that the camera is moving in crazy ways; they can manipulate the light conditions, and they can change the look of the location in any way they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creative team behind \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, made up of, among others, Emeryville nonprofit Insight, the San Francisco animation companies Digitrove and \u003ca href=\"http://www.palmavfx.com\">Palma VFX\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://artslab.unm.edu/index.html\">ARTS Lab at the University of New Mexico\u003c/a>, producer Konda Mason and director Jin An Wong, are taking advantage of all the possibilities that the scanning of Chichén Itzá provides. The audience will be immersed in full-color animations that go beyond showing the ruins of Chichén Itzá as they exist today. Instead, through laborious historical research, the creative team has reconstructed what the monumental city must have looked like at its peak 1,200 years ago, with temples painted in bright reds, greens, blues and yellows, and incense burning and flags waving atop them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the 3-D digital images created through laser scanners as the raw material for the animations in \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, the film is also breaking ground in more indirect, but perhaps even more important, ways. \u003ca href=\"http://www.insightdigital.org\">Insight\u003c/a>, the Emeryville nonprofit that oversaw the scanning at Chichén Itzá, as well as the Orinda-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cyark.org\">CyArk\u003c/a>, another nonprofit that worked on the project, are engaged in scanning irreplaceable sites around the world, documenting them for the benefit of the archaeologists charged with preserving them, as well as for generations to come, which might lose the real thing to natural disasters, war, or the passage of time. CyArk’s co-founder, Ben Kacyra, has set out to use laser scanners to document 500 sites in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3880\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/mayaskies1.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Cain, Digital Capture Supervisor for Maya Skies, demonstrates his innovative image-capture process that replaces expensive custom hardware with affordable consumer equipment.\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3880\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Cain, Digital Capture Supervisor for Maya Skies, demonstrates his innovative image-capture process that replaces expensive custom hardware with affordable consumer equipment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But laser scanners, for all the wonderful detail, speed and flexibility they offer, are expensive. They can cost anywhere from $10,000 to $150,000. That’s why Kevin Cain, Insight’s director, has been testing an alternative system that can accomplish the same thing at a fraction of the cost. All the gear he needs is a digital camera, a flash and software, at a total cost of under $2,000. Here’s how it works. For every 32-square-foot swatch of an object, Cain takes 10 still photos with his camera and flash. Then he uses the photos to reconstruct the object based on the brightness of each individual point on its surface. The system is based on a principle of physics discovered in the 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century. The high quality of today’s cheap digital cameras is what makes it possible to apply this principle to create an inexpensive image-capturing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With this new technique, our ultimate goal is to be able to provide very low-cost, very usable results for archaeologists,” Cain said, “because until the price goes almost to zero, archaeologists aren’t going to be able to adopt it, just given the realities of their field.” To illustrate those realities, Cain used the example of the work that Insight has done in Egypt for the past decade. Each year they join a team of archaeologists for their field work at the Tomb of Ramses. A complete yearly field season costs under $50,000, many times the cost of an inexpensive laser scanner.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Go behind the scenes of Tales of Maya Skies, the new film produced by Oakland's Chabot Space and Science Center. The half-hour film about Maya astronomy opens at the center's planetarium on November 21.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457741465,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":751},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Maya Skies | KQED","description":"Go behind the scenes of Tales of Maya Skies, the new film produced by Oakland's Chabot Space and Science Center. The half-hour film about Maya astronomy opens at the center's planetarium on November 21.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3875 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3875","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/13/producers-notes-maya-skies/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Maya Skies","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgsbiFYlo-w","path":"/quest/3875/producers-notes-maya-skies","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On this week’s TV episode of QUEST, we go behind the scenes of \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, the new film produced by Oakland’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>. The half-hour film about Maya astronomy opens at the center’s planetarium on November 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The film is groundbreaking for a couple of reasons. It’s the first time the Chabot center is using state-of-the art laser scanning technology to create one of its films. For \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, a team of 25 people spent seven weeks scanning the ruins of the ancient city of \u003ca href=\"http://www.traditionsofthesun.org\">Chichén Itzá\u003c/a>, in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula. This technology is widely used by Hollywood productions because of the flexibility it gives a creative team. Once they’ve scanned a particular site, they can play with any one of its variables: they can create the illusion that the camera is moving in crazy ways; they can manipulate the light conditions, and they can change the look of the location in any way they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creative team behind \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, made up of, among others, Emeryville nonprofit Insight, the San Francisco animation companies Digitrove and \u003ca href=\"http://www.palmavfx.com\">Palma VFX\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://artslab.unm.edu/index.html\">ARTS Lab at the University of New Mexico\u003c/a>, producer Konda Mason and director Jin An Wong, are taking advantage of all the possibilities that the scanning of Chichén Itzá provides. The audience will be immersed in full-color animations that go beyond showing the ruins of Chichén Itzá as they exist today. Instead, through laborious historical research, the creative team has reconstructed what the monumental city must have looked like at its peak 1,200 years ago, with temples painted in bright reds, greens, blues and yellows, and incense burning and flags waving atop them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the 3-D digital images created through laser scanners as the raw material for the animations in \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, the film is also breaking ground in more indirect, but perhaps even more important, ways. \u003ca href=\"http://www.insightdigital.org\">Insight\u003c/a>, the Emeryville nonprofit that oversaw the scanning at Chichén Itzá, as well as the Orinda-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cyark.org\">CyArk\u003c/a>, another nonprofit that worked on the project, are engaged in scanning irreplaceable sites around the world, documenting them for the benefit of the archaeologists charged with preserving them, as well as for generations to come, which might lose the real thing to natural disasters, war, or the passage of time. CyArk’s co-founder, Ben Kacyra, has set out to use laser scanners to document 500 sites in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3880\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/mayaskies1.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Cain, Digital Capture Supervisor for Maya Skies, demonstrates his innovative image-capture process that replaces expensive custom hardware with affordable consumer equipment.\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3880\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Cain, Digital Capture Supervisor for Maya Skies, demonstrates his innovative image-capture process that replaces expensive custom hardware with affordable consumer equipment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But laser scanners, for all the wonderful detail, speed and flexibility they offer, are expensive. They can cost anywhere from $10,000 to $150,000. That’s why Kevin Cain, Insight’s director, has been testing an alternative system that can accomplish the same thing at a fraction of the cost. All the gear he needs is a digital camera, a flash and software, at a total cost of under $2,000. Here’s how it works. For every 32-square-foot swatch of an object, Cain takes 10 still photos with his camera and flash. Then he uses the photos to reconstruct the object based on the brightness of each individual point on its surface. The system is based on a principle of physics discovered in the 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century. The high quality of today’s cheap digital cameras is what makes it possible to apply this principle to create an inexpensive image-capturing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With this new technique, our ultimate goal is to be able to provide very low-cost, very usable results for archaeologists,” Cain said, “because until the price goes almost to zero, archaeologists aren’t going to be able to adopt it, just given the realities of their field.” To illustrate those realities, Cain used the example of the work that Insight has done in Egypt for the past decade. Each year they join a team of archaeologists for their field work at the Tomb of Ramses. A complete yearly field season costs under $50,000, many times the cost of an inexpensive laser scanner.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3875/producers-notes-maya-skies","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_543","quest_545","quest_572","quest_1091","quest_1450","quest_1615","quest_1772","quest_2519","quest_2893","quest_2901","quest_2972"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3589":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3589","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3589","score":null,"sort":[1252693639000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jumpin-jupiter-where-did-the-galileans-go","title":"Jumpin' Jupiter! Where Did the Galileans Go?","publishDate":1252693639,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/Jupiter-3-2009-09-02.jpg\">\u003cem>Three views of Jupiter before, during, and after the disappearing act by its four large moons. Credit, Conrad Jung, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Now you see them, now you don't! Had Galileo spied the planet Jupiter with his telescope 400 years ago on a night such as a couple of Thursdays ago, would the history of modern astronomy have unfolded any differently? Would Jupiter's four large \"Galilean\" moons have been named so in his honor? Would we still think that everything revolves around the Earth? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What am I talking about? About a week ago a relatively rare alignment of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—made for a brief time in which the moons disappeared, hidden behind and in front of their massive parent planet. For that brief time, Earth, Jupiter, and all four Galileans coincided on a nearly perfect line. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The event took place late in the evening on September 2nd, a little after 10:00 PM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm\">Ganymede \u003c/a> (the Solar System's largest moon) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/europa.htm\">Europa \u003c/a>(the \"snowball\" with the probable deep liquid water oceans under its icy crust) crossed in front of Jupiter's disk, and the other pair, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/io.htm\">Io \u003c/a>(the volcano moon) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/callisto.htm\">Callisto \u003c/a>passed behind it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not uncommon for one of these moons to be out of view for a time when you aim a telescope at Jupiter. Even Galileo, on his first telescopic look at Jupiter, saw only three of them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disappearance of two or three of them at once is more rare, however, and a vanishing act by all four only happens a few times in a lifetime—every century, there are about 20 such alignments. The last such event prior to last week's was back in the 1980's; the next one won't happen until 2019. This event was not only \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/jupiter-2009-09-02.asp\">observed on September 2nd\u003c/a> by Chabot Space & Science Center astronomer Conrad Jung, but also in 1913 by then Chabot Observatory director Charles Burckhalter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Galileo took his newly made telescope and became the first person in history to look at Jupiter through the new invention, he saw three star-like points of light positioned around Jupiter, roughly on a common line that passed through the planet. At first he thought they might be stars, but on subsequent nights he observed that not only did these \"stars\" follow Jupiter's own movement through space, they changed position relative to each other. This led to Galileo's hypothesis that these were satellites in orbit around Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest is history (oh, and lifelong house arrest for Galileo for suggesting that there was something in the Universe that didn't revolve directly around the Earth…). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm sure that if Galileo had first looked at Jupiter on one of these rare nights and saw no moons, he would certainly have discovered them the next time he looked at Jupiter—so maybe it wouldn't have changed the unfolding of historical events much. But I wonder which would have been more surprising to him: seeing the moons on the first look, or observing them to appear out of nowhere after the initial observation of a solitary Jupiter….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Had Galileo spied the planet Jupiter with his telescope 400 years ago on a night such as a couple of Thursdays ago, would the history of modern astronomy have unfolded any differently?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371078042,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":546},"headData":{"title":"Jumpin' Jupiter! Where Did the Galileans Go? | KQED","description":"Had Galileo spied the planet Jupiter with his telescope 400 years ago on a night such as a couple of Thursdays ago, would the history of modern astronomy have unfolded any differently?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3589 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3589","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/11/jumpin-jupiter-where-did-the-galileans-go/","disqusTitle":"Jumpin' Jupiter! Where Did the Galileans Go?","path":"/quest/3589/jumpin-jupiter-where-did-the-galileans-go","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/Jupiter-3-2009-09-02.jpg\">\u003cem>Three views of Jupiter before, during, and after the disappearing act by its four large moons. Credit, Conrad Jung, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Now you see them, now you don't! Had Galileo spied the planet Jupiter with his telescope 400 years ago on a night such as a couple of Thursdays ago, would the history of modern astronomy have unfolded any differently? Would Jupiter's four large \"Galilean\" moons have been named so in his honor? Would we still think that everything revolves around the Earth? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What am I talking about? About a week ago a relatively rare alignment of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—made for a brief time in which the moons disappeared, hidden behind and in front of their massive parent planet. For that brief time, Earth, Jupiter, and all four Galileans coincided on a nearly perfect line. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The event took place late in the evening on September 2nd, a little after 10:00 PM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm\">Ganymede \u003c/a> (the Solar System's largest moon) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/europa.htm\">Europa \u003c/a>(the \"snowball\" with the probable deep liquid water oceans under its icy crust) crossed in front of Jupiter's disk, and the other pair, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/io.htm\">Io \u003c/a>(the volcano moon) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/callisto.htm\">Callisto \u003c/a>passed behind it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not uncommon for one of these moons to be out of view for a time when you aim a telescope at Jupiter. Even Galileo, on his first telescopic look at Jupiter, saw only three of them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disappearance of two or three of them at once is more rare, however, and a vanishing act by all four only happens a few times in a lifetime—every century, there are about 20 such alignments. The last such event prior to last week's was back in the 1980's; the next one won't happen until 2019. This event was not only \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/jupiter-2009-09-02.asp\">observed on September 2nd\u003c/a> by Chabot Space & Science Center astronomer Conrad Jung, but also in 1913 by then Chabot Observatory director Charles Burckhalter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Galileo took his newly made telescope and became the first person in history to look at Jupiter through the new invention, he saw three star-like points of light positioned around Jupiter, roughly on a common line that passed through the planet. At first he thought they might be stars, but on subsequent nights he observed that not only did these \"stars\" follow Jupiter's own movement through space, they changed position relative to each other. This led to Galileo's hypothesis that these were satellites in orbit around Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest is history (oh, and lifelong house arrest for Galileo for suggesting that there was something in the Universe that didn't revolve directly around the Earth…). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm sure that if Galileo had first looked at Jupiter on one of these rare nights and saw no moons, he would certainly have discovered them the next time he looked at Jupiter—so maybe it wouldn't have changed the unfolding of historical events much. But I wonder which would have been more surprising to him: seeing the moons on the first look, or observing them to appear out of nowhere after the initial observation of a solitary Jupiter….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3589/jumpin-jupiter-where-did-the-galileans-go","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_463","quest_543","quest_545","quest_1027","quest_1164","quest_1170","quest_1492","quest_1551"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3463":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3463","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3463","score":null,"sort":[1251508069000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"crab-nebula-awesome-beauty-from-destruction","title":"Crab Nebula: Awesome Beauty From Destruction","publishDate":1251508069,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/crabby.jpg\">\u003cem>The Crab Nebula as seen through Chabot Space & Science Center’s 8-inch refracting telescope, Leah. Image: Conrad Jung, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When asked what got me interested in astronomy, the stock answer I offer is my childhood experience going to Chabot Observatory and looking through the telescopes—and I'm sure that had a great deal to do with it. But, if I want to give an even shorter answer, I just say, \"Crab Nebula!\" and walk away…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/pr2005037a/\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>? Astronomy enthusiasts are very familiar with this celestial object, or at least become so very quickly after entering the world of space. It's a supernova remnant—a torn and tortured cloud of gases expanding outward into space, the aftermath of a supernova explosion that happened almost a thousand years ago in the constellation Taurus. In fact, as I write this blog, the age of the Crab Nebula is exactly 955 years and 40 days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we know with such precision when this former star went supernova? The answer, as always in science, is careful observation! The explosion of the star was witnessed by Chinese and Japanese astronomers—and possibly \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/outside/chaco/nebula.html\">sky watchers of the American Southwest\u003c/a>—who carefully observed and recorded the event. The explosion took place on July 4th, 1054 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era\">CE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred years later, a century after the invention of the telescope, the Crab Nebula was discovered in the same spot—first in 1731 by John Bevis, then again by Charles Messier in 1758 (August 28, in fact—the date of this blog posting!). Messier ran across it while searching for Halley's Comet, and at first mistook it for a comet. This was the reason that he began compiling his famous \u003ca href=\"http://messier.obspm.fr/\">Messier catalog\u003c/a> of \"fuzzy\" objects: a wall of mug shots of unusual suspects that resembled, but were imposters of, comets. He began his catalog with Messier 1 (M1), the Crab Nebula. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messier 1 got its nickname of the Crab from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.maa.clell.de/Messier/E/More/m001_rosse.html\">drawing made by observer Lord Rosse in 1844\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nToday, the Crab Nebula is an expanding cloud of gas and some dust spanning 10 light years, or 60 trillion miles. The cloud is still expanding at a speed of about 1,800 kilometers per second—a speed that would get you to the Moon in just under 4 minutes! At its center is the collapsed remnant of the dead star's core, which has become the incredibly small and dense object known as a \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/pulsars.html\">neutron star\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why did the Crab Nebula spark my interest in astronomy? I have a specific memory of being at a summer camp and engaging in a craft activity where we cut out the pictures from a bunch of astronomy calendars and made frames and matting to display them in. I selected a few of my favorite images, which included the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/m27.asp\">Dumbbell Nebula \u003c/a>(a planetary nebula), the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/veil_nebula.asp\">Veil Nebula\u003c/a> (another supernova remnant), and, of course, the Crab. Of all these stunning astrophotos, it was the Crab that stuck the longest in my mind and on my bedroom wall, and impelled me to get my first subscription to Astronomy Magazine, and eventually my first telescope. Sometimes, our lives are guided by stars….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As I write this blog, the age of the Crab Nebula is exactly 955 years and 40 days.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371078074,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":553},"headData":{"title":"Crab Nebula: Awesome Beauty From Destruction | KQED","description":"As I write this blog, the age of the Crab Nebula is exactly 955 years and 40 days.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3463 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3463","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/08/28/crab-nebula-awesome-beauty-from-destruction/","disqusTitle":"Crab Nebula: Awesome Beauty From Destruction","path":"/quest/3463/crab-nebula-awesome-beauty-from-destruction","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/crabby.jpg\">\u003cem>The Crab Nebula as seen through Chabot Space & Science Center’s 8-inch refracting telescope, Leah. Image: Conrad Jung, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When asked what got me interested in astronomy, the stock answer I offer is my childhood experience going to Chabot Observatory and looking through the telescopes—and I'm sure that had a great deal to do with it. But, if I want to give an even shorter answer, I just say, \"Crab Nebula!\" and walk away…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/pr2005037a/\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>? Astronomy enthusiasts are very familiar with this celestial object, or at least become so very quickly after entering the world of space. It's a supernova remnant—a torn and tortured cloud of gases expanding outward into space, the aftermath of a supernova explosion that happened almost a thousand years ago in the constellation Taurus. In fact, as I write this blog, the age of the Crab Nebula is exactly 955 years and 40 days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we know with such precision when this former star went supernova? The answer, as always in science, is careful observation! The explosion of the star was witnessed by Chinese and Japanese astronomers—and possibly \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/outside/chaco/nebula.html\">sky watchers of the American Southwest\u003c/a>—who carefully observed and recorded the event. The explosion took place on July 4th, 1054 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era\">CE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred years later, a century after the invention of the telescope, the Crab Nebula was discovered in the same spot—first in 1731 by John Bevis, then again by Charles Messier in 1758 (August 28, in fact—the date of this blog posting!). Messier ran across it while searching for Halley's Comet, and at first mistook it for a comet. This was the reason that he began compiling his famous \u003ca href=\"http://messier.obspm.fr/\">Messier catalog\u003c/a> of \"fuzzy\" objects: a wall of mug shots of unusual suspects that resembled, but were imposters of, comets. He began his catalog with Messier 1 (M1), the Crab Nebula. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messier 1 got its nickname of the Crab from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.maa.clell.de/Messier/E/More/m001_rosse.html\">drawing made by observer Lord Rosse in 1844\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nToday, the Crab Nebula is an expanding cloud of gas and some dust spanning 10 light years, or 60 trillion miles. The cloud is still expanding at a speed of about 1,800 kilometers per second—a speed that would get you to the Moon in just under 4 minutes! At its center is the collapsed remnant of the dead star's core, which has become the incredibly small and dense object known as a \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/pulsars.html\">neutron star\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why did the Crab Nebula spark my interest in astronomy? I have a specific memory of being at a summer camp and engaging in a craft activity where we cut out the pictures from a bunch of astronomy calendars and made frames and matting to display them in. I selected a few of my favorite images, which included the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/m27.asp\">Dumbbell Nebula \u003c/a>(a planetary nebula), the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/veil_nebula.asp\">Veil Nebula\u003c/a> (another supernova remnant), and, of course, the Crab. Of all these stunning astrophotos, it was the Crab that stuck the longest in my mind and on my bedroom wall, and impelled me to get my first subscription to Astronomy Magazine, and eventually my first telescope. Sometimes, our lives are guided by stars….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3463/crab-nebula-awesome-beauty-from-destruction","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_545","quest_3351","quest_1960","quest_2009","quest_2530","quest_2837"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2508":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2508","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2508","score":null,"sort":[1243026409000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hubble-gets-a-new-lease-on-space","title":"Hubble Gets a New Lease on Space","publishDate":1243026409,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/hst09.jpg\">\u003cem>The Hubble Space Telescope being serviced by Space Shuttle\u003cbr>Atlantis astronauts in May 2009. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Four hundred years ago, Galileo built his telescope and became the first on record to point the new device (invented the previous year) at objects in the sky. Today (in fact, even as I write!) what has become a symbol for the current state of evolution of the telescope—the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>--is being repaired and upgraded by the crew of the Space Shuttle Atlantis…for the last time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://galileo.rice.edu/bio/narrative_6.html\">Galileo's telescope\u003c/a> had a magnification of only about 27x, allowing him to see that Venus has phases like the Moon, Jupiter has four large moons of its own, Saturn does not appear as a simple disk but has unusual \"projections\" to either side, and the Milky Way contains far more stars than is apparent to the naked eye. And though these are features that can be seen through the least powerful home telescopes today, Galileo's observations changed the way we look at the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble has done the same thing, but on a modern scale of magnitude. Not a large telescope by the standards of ground-based behemoths like Keck in Hawaii (Hubble's primary mirror is 2.4 meters in diameter), Hubble's \"edge\" is it's location in space, orbiting the Earth over 300 miles high, outside of our atmosphere. Particularly in its earlier days before ground based telescopes were using adaptive optics techniques to compensate for atmospheric distortion, Hubble's vision on the universe was unparalleled in its clarity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's is a recap of a few of the many \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/\">big discoveries \u003c/a>Hubble has made possible:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dark Energy\u003c/strong>: By accurately measuring the distance and velocity of distant supernovae, over a large range of distances, Hubble has refined out knowledge of the rate of expansion of the universe--leading to the discovery that the expansion of the universe is actually accelerating, contrary to what was expected. Scientists suggest the existence of a mysterious \"dark energy\" throughout the universe that exerts an antigravitational repulsive pressure on the cosmos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Age of the Universe\u003c/strong>: Since Edwin Hubble (for whom the Space Telescope was named) discovered that the universe is expanding, astronomers have been trying to determine how long ago the expansion began--how long ago the \"starting gun\" of the Big Bang was fired, and thus the beginning of the universe. Through precise observations with the Hubble, astronomers in recent years have been able to peg it between 12 and 14 billion years. (Most recently, observations made with the WMAP mission have honed that down to 13.7 billion years, give or take 0.13 billion.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supermassive Blackholes\u003c/strong>: Hubble found the clues that point to the existence of \"supermassive\" blackholes at the heart of maybe most--or every--galaxy. The Milky Way's own central blackhole has a mass equivalent to four million Suns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stellar Dust Disks\u003c/strong>: Before the first extrasolar planets were actually detected, Hubble observations revealed that flat disks of dust encircling young and developing star systems--aka \"protoplanetary disks\"--is commonplace. This has given us a glimpse at what our own solar system may have looked like before the planets formed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been seven years since the last Hubble servicing mission, with another servicing scheduled a few years ago cancelled in the wake of the Columbia disaster. Several failing systems will be repaired or replaced this time, and other instruments are receiving upgrades that will make Hubble more powerful than ever in its declining years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mission to service the Hubble will be the last. Since NASA is retiring the Space Shuttle fleet after 2010, we will no longer have a space vehicle large enough to carry upgrade and replacement equipment to and from the Hubble. After that, the next new big space-based descendent of Galileo's spyglass will be the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb\u003c/a>. Stay tuned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Hubble Space Telescope gets upgrades and repairs... for the last time.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371078913,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":652},"headData":{"title":"Hubble Gets a New Lease on Space | KQED","description":"Hubble Space Telescope gets upgrades and repairs... for the last time.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2508 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2508","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/22/hubble-gets-a-new-lease-on-space/","disqusTitle":"Hubble Gets a New Lease on Space","path":"/quest/2508/hubble-gets-a-new-lease-on-space","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/hst09.jpg\">\u003cem>The Hubble Space Telescope being serviced by Space Shuttle\u003cbr>Atlantis astronauts in May 2009. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Four hundred years ago, Galileo built his telescope and became the first on record to point the new device (invented the previous year) at objects in the sky. Today (in fact, even as I write!) what has become a symbol for the current state of evolution of the telescope—the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>--is being repaired and upgraded by the crew of the Space Shuttle Atlantis…for the last time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://galileo.rice.edu/bio/narrative_6.html\">Galileo's telescope\u003c/a> had a magnification of only about 27x, allowing him to see that Venus has phases like the Moon, Jupiter has four large moons of its own, Saturn does not appear as a simple disk but has unusual \"projections\" to either side, and the Milky Way contains far more stars than is apparent to the naked eye. And though these are features that can be seen through the least powerful home telescopes today, Galileo's observations changed the way we look at the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble has done the same thing, but on a modern scale of magnitude. Not a large telescope by the standards of ground-based behemoths like Keck in Hawaii (Hubble's primary mirror is 2.4 meters in diameter), Hubble's \"edge\" is it's location in space, orbiting the Earth over 300 miles high, outside of our atmosphere. Particularly in its earlier days before ground based telescopes were using adaptive optics techniques to compensate for atmospheric distortion, Hubble's vision on the universe was unparalleled in its clarity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's is a recap of a few of the many \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/\">big discoveries \u003c/a>Hubble has made possible:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dark Energy\u003c/strong>: By accurately measuring the distance and velocity of distant supernovae, over a large range of distances, Hubble has refined out knowledge of the rate of expansion of the universe--leading to the discovery that the expansion of the universe is actually accelerating, contrary to what was expected. Scientists suggest the existence of a mysterious \"dark energy\" throughout the universe that exerts an antigravitational repulsive pressure on the cosmos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Age of the Universe\u003c/strong>: Since Edwin Hubble (for whom the Space Telescope was named) discovered that the universe is expanding, astronomers have been trying to determine how long ago the expansion began--how long ago the \"starting gun\" of the Big Bang was fired, and thus the beginning of the universe. Through precise observations with the Hubble, astronomers in recent years have been able to peg it between 12 and 14 billion years. (Most recently, observations made with the WMAP mission have honed that down to 13.7 billion years, give or take 0.13 billion.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supermassive Blackholes\u003c/strong>: Hubble found the clues that point to the existence of \"supermassive\" blackholes at the heart of maybe most--or every--galaxy. The Milky Way's own central blackhole has a mass equivalent to four million Suns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stellar Dust Disks\u003c/strong>: Before the first extrasolar planets were actually detected, Hubble observations revealed that flat disks of dust encircling young and developing star systems--aka \"protoplanetary disks\"--is commonplace. This has given us a glimpse at what our own solar system may have looked like before the planets formed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been seven years since the last Hubble servicing mission, with another servicing scheduled a few years ago cancelled in the wake of the Columbia disaster. Several failing systems will be repaired or replaced this time, and other instruments are receiving upgrades that will make Hubble more powerful than ever in its declining years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mission to service the Hubble will be the last. Since NASA is retiring the Space Shuttle fleet after 2010, we will no longer have a space vehicle large enough to carry upgrade and replacement equipment to and from the Hubble. After that, the next new big space-based descendent of Galileo's spyglass will be the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb\u003c/a>. Stay tuned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2508/hubble-gets-a-new-lease-on-space","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_545","quest_1402","quest_1405","quest_1918","quest_2414","quest_2511","quest_2739"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.","airtime":"SAT 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/reveal","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/","rss":"http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"}},"says-you":{"id":"says-you","title":"Says You!","info":"Public radio's game show of bluff and bluster, words and whimsy. 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