Flame Retardants, Redux: From Toxic Couches to Buildings
Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants
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Jerry Brown. 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Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. 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She was a 2013 recipient of the NYU Reporting Award, a 2013 Dennis Hunt Health Journalism fellow and a 2015 USC Data Journalism fellow.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liza Gross | 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FM","link":"/"}},"quest_52462":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52462","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52462","score":null,"sort":[1366210827000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fire-safety-without-harm","title":"Fire Safety without Harm","publishDate":1366210827,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/17/fire-safety-without-harm/fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52484\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg\" alt=\"fire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-52484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/bfr2013_about.cfm\">The conference\u003c/a> lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past decade, scientists have voiced increasing concern about the potential health and environmental risks of these chemicals, which show up—and leach from—a growing number of consumer products. By now, most California consumers probably know that flame retardants permeate the foam in their couches and chairs, along with a surprising array of baby products. (On Monday, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Flame-retardants-to-be-removed-from-nap-mats-4436828.php\">San Francisco Chronicle noted\u003c/a> that at least some nap maps sold in the state will no longer contain flame retardants.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I reported yesterday in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/flame-retardants-in-consumer-products-are-linked-to-health-and-cognitive-problems/2013/04/15/f5c7b2aa-8b34-11e2-9838-d62f083ba93f_story.html\">story for the Washington Post\u003c/a>, mounting evidence suggests that these brominated chemicals pose risks to human health. Californians carry among the highest levels of flame retardants in the world, which researchers attribute to a 70s-era flammability standard that requires foam products to resist an open flame for 12 seconds. Manufacturers typically used flame retardants to comply and many tailored their products to California’s standard—and considerable market share—to avoid double inventories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, concerned about the risks the chemicals pose to human health, \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598\">called on the state agency\u003c/a> in charge of flammability standards to find a way to ensure fire safety without the need for toxic flame retardants. In March, the agency held \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hOjKKdZR_s&feature=youtu.be\">a public hearing\u003c/a> on its new standard, revised to do just that. The new regulations go into effect July 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2011, when I started \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">writing about flame retardants\u003c/a>, I’ve been struck by how the researchers studying these chemicals talk about their findings. Scientists tend to talk about their results in terms of what they don’t know and what new questions their studies raise. (All \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=weak-link-fossil-darwinius\">exceptions duly noted\u003c/a>.) And those studying flame retardants do discuss their findings with all the usual caveats. But they also do something else. They tell me, \"We don’t like what we’re seeing.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, I spoke with Heather Stapleton, a flame retardant expert at Duke University who’s pioneered methods to correlate levels of dust on people’s hands with levels found in their blood or urine. With two small children, a four-year-old son and a daughter who will be two next month, Stapleton said she thinks very carefully “as a mother and scientist” about the products she buys and washes her children’s hands frequently to reduce exposure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s particularly worried about people using hand-me-down nursing pillows and other baby products that likely exude more flame retardants as they age. “No one to my knowledge is examining infants’ exposure to flame retardants from these small items,” she said. “They’re small but an infant spends a lot of contact time with them.” What’s more, babies are likely to go from sleep positioner to a car seat to a changing table, spending the better part of a day in contact with products that could be leaching the chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week at the flame retardant conference, researchers talked about the global reach of these chemicals, now detected in trees, sludge, wildlife and people around the world. They listed the wide range of health effects associated with the well-studied brominated flame retardants—including endocrine disruption and developmental, neurological and reproductive defects—and emphasized that the effects have been found in both animals and humans. They also reported worrying early results on new formulations like tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which is showing up in human breast milk and maternal cord blood samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, TBBPA was added mostly to electronics and circuit boards in a “reactive mode,” which means it’s unlikely to leach from the product. But as Linda Birnbaum pointed out at the meeting, it’s now being used as a replacement for banned or discontinued brominated flame retardants in an “additive mode”—so it can offgas, migrate from the product into the air. “Which means more is going to get into the environment,” Birnbaum said, “which means more is going to get into people and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program, reported that a two-year study of TBBPA in rats and mice found a dose-related increase in aggressive uterine tumors in the female rats—“these are highly malignant tumors that metastasize to many different sites,” she told the crowd—as well as liver tumors in male and female mice. These results suggest, she said, that TBBPA is a “two species carcinogen” that warrants closer study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, Birnbaum told me that she used to think flame retardants were providing fire safety but now isn't so sure. She allows there may be applications that warrant them, like airplanes, but even then, she said, “If we think flame retardants are going to be helpful, why not use them in a reactive mode, so they don’t easily escape into the environment?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, after seeing data showing rising levels of flame retardants in people along with animal evidence linking neurological effects to exposure early in life, Birnbaum called attention to the issue with a paper called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241790/pdf/ehp0112-000009.pdf\">\"Brominated Flame Retardants: Cause for Concern?\" \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she said, “everything that is being seen in people when you look—and until recently, no one looked—is consistent with things that we’ve seen in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013/BirnbaumPlenary.pdf\">weight of the evidence\u003c/a> inspired Birnbaum to write another paper. “I changed the question mark,” she said, “to an exclamation point.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. The conference lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367424417,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":1001},"headData":{"title":"Fire Safety without Harm | KQED","description":"Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. The conference lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52462 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52462","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/17/fire-safety-without-harm/","disqusTitle":"Fire Safety without Harm","path":"/quest/52462/fire-safety-without-harm","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/17/fire-safety-without-harm/fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52484\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg\" alt=\"fire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-52484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/bfr2013_about.cfm\">The conference\u003c/a> lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past decade, scientists have voiced increasing concern about the potential health and environmental risks of these chemicals, which show up—and leach from—a growing number of consumer products. By now, most California consumers probably know that flame retardants permeate the foam in their couches and chairs, along with a surprising array of baby products. (On Monday, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Flame-retardants-to-be-removed-from-nap-mats-4436828.php\">San Francisco Chronicle noted\u003c/a> that at least some nap maps sold in the state will no longer contain flame retardants.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I reported yesterday in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/flame-retardants-in-consumer-products-are-linked-to-health-and-cognitive-problems/2013/04/15/f5c7b2aa-8b34-11e2-9838-d62f083ba93f_story.html\">story for the Washington Post\u003c/a>, mounting evidence suggests that these brominated chemicals pose risks to human health. Californians carry among the highest levels of flame retardants in the world, which researchers attribute to a 70s-era flammability standard that requires foam products to resist an open flame for 12 seconds. Manufacturers typically used flame retardants to comply and many tailored their products to California’s standard—and considerable market share—to avoid double inventories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, concerned about the risks the chemicals pose to human health, \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598\">called on the state agency\u003c/a> in charge of flammability standards to find a way to ensure fire safety without the need for toxic flame retardants. In March, the agency held \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hOjKKdZR_s&feature=youtu.be\">a public hearing\u003c/a> on its new standard, revised to do just that. The new regulations go into effect July 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2011, when I started \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">writing about flame retardants\u003c/a>, I’ve been struck by how the researchers studying these chemicals talk about their findings. Scientists tend to talk about their results in terms of what they don’t know and what new questions their studies raise. (All \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=weak-link-fossil-darwinius\">exceptions duly noted\u003c/a>.) And those studying flame retardants do discuss their findings with all the usual caveats. But they also do something else. They tell me, \"We don’t like what we’re seeing.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, I spoke with Heather Stapleton, a flame retardant expert at Duke University who’s pioneered methods to correlate levels of dust on people’s hands with levels found in their blood or urine. With two small children, a four-year-old son and a daughter who will be two next month, Stapleton said she thinks very carefully “as a mother and scientist” about the products she buys and washes her children’s hands frequently to reduce exposure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s particularly worried about people using hand-me-down nursing pillows and other baby products that likely exude more flame retardants as they age. “No one to my knowledge is examining infants’ exposure to flame retardants from these small items,” she said. “They’re small but an infant spends a lot of contact time with them.” What’s more, babies are likely to go from sleep positioner to a car seat to a changing table, spending the better part of a day in contact with products that could be leaching the chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week at the flame retardant conference, researchers talked about the global reach of these chemicals, now detected in trees, sludge, wildlife and people around the world. They listed the wide range of health effects associated with the well-studied brominated flame retardants—including endocrine disruption and developmental, neurological and reproductive defects—and emphasized that the effects have been found in both animals and humans. They also reported worrying early results on new formulations like tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which is showing up in human breast milk and maternal cord blood samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, TBBPA was added mostly to electronics and circuit boards in a “reactive mode,” which means it’s unlikely to leach from the product. But as Linda Birnbaum pointed out at the meeting, it’s now being used as a replacement for banned or discontinued brominated flame retardants in an “additive mode”—so it can offgas, migrate from the product into the air. “Which means more is going to get into the environment,” Birnbaum said, “which means more is going to get into people and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program, reported that a two-year study of TBBPA in rats and mice found a dose-related increase in aggressive uterine tumors in the female rats—“these are highly malignant tumors that metastasize to many different sites,” she told the crowd—as well as liver tumors in male and female mice. These results suggest, she said, that TBBPA is a “two species carcinogen” that warrants closer study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, Birnbaum told me that she used to think flame retardants were providing fire safety but now isn't so sure. She allows there may be applications that warrant them, like airplanes, but even then, she said, “If we think flame retardants are going to be helpful, why not use them in a reactive mode, so they don’t easily escape into the environment?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, after seeing data showing rising levels of flame retardants in people along with animal evidence linking neurological effects to exposure early in life, Birnbaum called attention to the issue with a paper called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241790/pdf/ehp0112-000009.pdf\">\"Brominated Flame Retardants: Cause for Concern?\" \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she said, “everything that is being seen in people when you look—and until recently, no one looked—is consistent with things that we’ve seen in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013/BirnbaumPlenary.pdf\">weight of the evidence\u003c/a> inspired Birnbaum to write another paper. “I changed the question mark,” she said, “to an exclamation point.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52462/fire-safety-without-harm","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11572","quest_13198","quest_1095","quest_10954","quest_13201","quest_11518","quest_2474","quest_10953"],"featImg":"quest_52484","label":"quest"},"quest_47455":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47455","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47455","score":null,"sort":[1354125304000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings","title":"Flame Retardants, Redux: From Toxic Couches to Buildings","publishDate":1354125304,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47457\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/dancingflames-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47457\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/DancingFlames.quest_-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"flame\" title=\"Dancing flames\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47457\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California's flammability standard, which has led to the use of toxic flame retardants in a wide range of consumer products, may finally change under the direction of Gov. Jerry Brown. (Photo: Oscar/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking before a roomful of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcerp.org/2012mtg/\">breast cancer researchers and activists\u003c/a> in San Francisco earlier this month, Arlene Blum revealed her latest plan to get toxic chemicals out of our homes. “We want to change the international building code,” she said, “so you can have more fire safety in buildings without flame retardants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be challenging,” she acknowledged, with characteristic understatement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For close to six years, Blum, a biophysical chemist, visiting scholar at UC Berkeley and executive director of Berkeley’s Green Science Policy Institute, has worked with state Senator Mark Leno to get cancer-causing chemicals out of consumer products. Leno, who also spoke to the group, lamented the folly of pouring potentially dangerous chemicals into consumer products given the lack of data showing a fire safety benefit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2007, Leno has tried four different approaches to reduce exposures to flame retardants. Not one bill passed the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why is this industry so engaged in defeating every one of our efforts?” he asked. “They’re making billions and billions of dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. demand for flame retardants is \u003ca href=\"http://www.giiresearch.com/press/6786.shtml\">increasing 4.6% a year\u003c/a> to a projected 938 million pounds by 2016, according to market research released in October. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the best-selling flame retardants, produced in the range of \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp202-c5.pdf\">10-50 million pounds a year\u003c/a>, is chlorinated Tris—a chemical that Blum and fellow Berkeley researcher Bruce Ames flagged as a carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. It’s the most commonly used flame retardant in furniture. As a resident of California, your couch probably has a little tag saying it complies with TB117—which means it contains about a pound of chlorinated Tris. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47464\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/leno/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47464\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/leno-364x360.jpg\" alt=\"state senator mark leno\" title=\"senator mark leno\" width=\"364\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47464\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State Senator Mark Leno spoke about his efforts to get toxic flame retardants out of consumer products at the annual meeting of the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program in San Francisco this month. The chemical industry fought hard to defeat his legislation for a simple reason, he said: Greed. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303471d?prevSearch=couches&searchHistoryKey=\">new study released this week\u003c/a>, Blum and her colleagues found flame retardants in 85% of 102 couches they tested. The team analyzed couch samples purchased before and after California phased out the flame retardant formula known as Penta to find out which alternatives manufacturers turned to. Of samples bought before 2005, nearly 40% contained Penta and a quarter had chlorinated Tris. After the Penta phaseout, more than half the samples contained chlorinated Tris, and close to 20% had a little-studied replacement called Firemaster 550.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ehp.1205597.pdf\">Recent research\u003c/a> links Penta to decreased fertility, lower birth weight and cognitive deficits in children. Chlorinated Tris is a suspected human carcinogen and researchers haven’t had time to study the health effects of Firemaster 550. Since most people tend to keep big ticket items like couches for 20 years or more, there’s no telling how many home have Penta-treated furniture. Based on Blum’s recent research, most of us probably have Tris-treated couches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do our couches have a pound of cancer-causing chemicals that build up in our dust—and our bodies?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may have heard by now, in 1975 California implemented TB117, which requires foam inside your couch to resist a very small flame for 12 seconds. But the first thing to burn when a cigarette or candle drops on your couch isn’t the foam, it's the fabric. As fabric burns, it generates a large flame, which in turn ignites the foam, which burns within a few seconds. When fire burns without flame retardants, it releases carbon dioxide and water. In the presence of flame retardants, fires release far more soot, smoke and carbon monoxide—which is what kills you in a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB117 doesn’t increase fire safety, Blum says. It just increases our exposure to toxic chemicals. And flame retardants are showing up in products that aren’t even listed in the standard. Sleep mats aren’t subject to the standard, yet one study found that all the sleep mats in 20 nursery schools in the East Bay contained flame retardants. Most of the foam products in America, including mattress pads and pillows, use flame retardants to comply with TB117, even though it’s not required. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum believes that Gov. Jerry Brown, who directed state agencies to revise the standard in June, is determined to achieve fire safety without toxic chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a safer furniture standard within reach, she’s set her sights on an even bigger problem: foam plastic insulation in buildings. The Uniform Building Code, which regulates foam plastic insulation in walls, requires a 15-minute thermal barrier (typically gypsum wallboard) to protect them from the heat of a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the time you hit the insulation, you’ve had a raging fire in your house for 15 minutes,” Blum says. “Having flame retardants in the insulation just makes the fire more toxic.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flame retardants used in building insulation are turning up in the environment, household dust and human body fluids at increasing levels, Blum and her colleagues report in a new study released this week. Studies link the compounds to endocrine disruption, neurological and developmental toxicity and the potential to cause cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a recovering housing market, construction is driving most of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-flame-retardant-demand-to-reach-938-million-pounds-in-2016-growing-46-annually-172172821.html\">growth in the flame retardant market\u003c/a> and accounts for the greatest share of sales. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, many green builders use flame-retardant-treated plastic insulation to boost energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these flammability standards—which increase our exposure to toxic chemicals without increasing fire safety—went into effect in the 1970s, “perhaps not with malice aforethought,” Blum says. “But now’s the time to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last June, Gov. Jerry Brown directed state agencies to change California's flammability standard to ensure fire safety without dousing furniture and other foam products with toxic chemicals. Now activists are focusing on an even bigger market for flame retardants: foam insulation in buildings.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1356732268,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1018},"headData":{"title":"Flame Retardants, Redux: From Toxic Couches to Buildings | KQED","description":"Last June, Gov. Jerry Brown directed state agencies to change California's flammability standard to ensure fire safety without dousing furniture and other foam products with toxic chemicals. Now activists are focusing on an even bigger market for flame retardants: foam insulation in buildings.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47455 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47455","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/","disqusTitle":"Flame Retardants, Redux: From Toxic Couches to Buildings","path":"/quest/47455/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47457\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/dancingflames-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47457\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/DancingFlames.quest_-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"flame\" title=\"Dancing flames\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47457\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California's flammability standard, which has led to the use of toxic flame retardants in a wide range of consumer products, may finally change under the direction of Gov. Jerry Brown. (Photo: Oscar/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking before a roomful of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcerp.org/2012mtg/\">breast cancer researchers and activists\u003c/a> in San Francisco earlier this month, Arlene Blum revealed her latest plan to get toxic chemicals out of our homes. “We want to change the international building code,” she said, “so you can have more fire safety in buildings without flame retardants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be challenging,” she acknowledged, with characteristic understatement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For close to six years, Blum, a biophysical chemist, visiting scholar at UC Berkeley and executive director of Berkeley’s Green Science Policy Institute, has worked with state Senator Mark Leno to get cancer-causing chemicals out of consumer products. Leno, who also spoke to the group, lamented the folly of pouring potentially dangerous chemicals into consumer products given the lack of data showing a fire safety benefit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2007, Leno has tried four different approaches to reduce exposures to flame retardants. Not one bill passed the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why is this industry so engaged in defeating every one of our efforts?” he asked. “They’re making billions and billions of dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. demand for flame retardants is \u003ca href=\"http://www.giiresearch.com/press/6786.shtml\">increasing 4.6% a year\u003c/a> to a projected 938 million pounds by 2016, according to market research released in October. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the best-selling flame retardants, produced in the range of \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp202-c5.pdf\">10-50 million pounds a year\u003c/a>, is chlorinated Tris—a chemical that Blum and fellow Berkeley researcher Bruce Ames flagged as a carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. It’s the most commonly used flame retardant in furniture. As a resident of California, your couch probably has a little tag saying it complies with TB117—which means it contains about a pound of chlorinated Tris. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47464\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/leno/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47464\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/leno-364x360.jpg\" alt=\"state senator mark leno\" title=\"senator mark leno\" width=\"364\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47464\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State Senator Mark Leno spoke about his efforts to get toxic flame retardants out of consumer products at the annual meeting of the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program in San Francisco this month. The chemical industry fought hard to defeat his legislation for a simple reason, he said: Greed. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303471d?prevSearch=couches&searchHistoryKey=\">new study released this week\u003c/a>, Blum and her colleagues found flame retardants in 85% of 102 couches they tested. The team analyzed couch samples purchased before and after California phased out the flame retardant formula known as Penta to find out which alternatives manufacturers turned to. Of samples bought before 2005, nearly 40% contained Penta and a quarter had chlorinated Tris. After the Penta phaseout, more than half the samples contained chlorinated Tris, and close to 20% had a little-studied replacement called Firemaster 550.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ehp.1205597.pdf\">Recent research\u003c/a> links Penta to decreased fertility, lower birth weight and cognitive deficits in children. Chlorinated Tris is a suspected human carcinogen and researchers haven’t had time to study the health effects of Firemaster 550. Since most people tend to keep big ticket items like couches for 20 years or more, there’s no telling how many home have Penta-treated furniture. Based on Blum’s recent research, most of us probably have Tris-treated couches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do our couches have a pound of cancer-causing chemicals that build up in our dust—and our bodies?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may have heard by now, in 1975 California implemented TB117, which requires foam inside your couch to resist a very small flame for 12 seconds. But the first thing to burn when a cigarette or candle drops on your couch isn’t the foam, it's the fabric. As fabric burns, it generates a large flame, which in turn ignites the foam, which burns within a few seconds. When fire burns without flame retardants, it releases carbon dioxide and water. In the presence of flame retardants, fires release far more soot, smoke and carbon monoxide—which is what kills you in a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB117 doesn’t increase fire safety, Blum says. It just increases our exposure to toxic chemicals. And flame retardants are showing up in products that aren’t even listed in the standard. Sleep mats aren’t subject to the standard, yet one study found that all the sleep mats in 20 nursery schools in the East Bay contained flame retardants. Most of the foam products in America, including mattress pads and pillows, use flame retardants to comply with TB117, even though it’s not required. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum believes that Gov. Jerry Brown, who directed state agencies to revise the standard in June, is determined to achieve fire safety without toxic chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a safer furniture standard within reach, she’s set her sights on an even bigger problem: foam plastic insulation in buildings. The Uniform Building Code, which regulates foam plastic insulation in walls, requires a 15-minute thermal barrier (typically gypsum wallboard) to protect them from the heat of a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the time you hit the insulation, you’ve had a raging fire in your house for 15 minutes,” Blum says. “Having flame retardants in the insulation just makes the fire more toxic.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flame retardants used in building insulation are turning up in the environment, household dust and human body fluids at increasing levels, Blum and her colleagues report in a new study released this week. Studies link the compounds to endocrine disruption, neurological and developmental toxicity and the potential to cause cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a recovering housing market, construction is driving most of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-flame-retardant-demand-to-reach-938-million-pounds-in-2016-growing-46-annually-172172821.html\">growth in the flame retardant market\u003c/a> and accounts for the greatest share of sales. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, many green builders use flame-retardant-treated plastic insulation to boost energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these flammability standards—which increase our exposure to toxic chemicals without increasing fire safety—went into effect in the 1970s, “perhaps not with malice aforethought,” Blum says. “But now’s the time to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47455/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_10955","quest_385","quest_11572","quest_10954","quest_11627","quest_11626","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_47457","label":"quest"},"quest_46549":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_46549","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"46549","score":null,"sort":[1351695604000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants","title":"Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants ","publishDate":1351695604,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/house_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46550\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg\" alt=\"burning house\" title=\"House_fire\" width=\"572\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg 572w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emerging research questions whether flame retardants used to meet California's flammability standard increase fire safety. Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. (Image: Kpahor/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html\">listed chlorinated Tris\u003c/a> as a cancer-causing chemical under Proposition 65. Under that 1986 law, businesses using a listed chemical have one year to add a warning label to their products. So now, if you buy foam furniture, car seats, nursing pillows or other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">baby products treated with chlorinated Tris\u003c/a>, you should see the warning: \"This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Characters\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChlorinated Tris and most other flame retardants are \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemtopics.com/elements/halogen/halogen.htm\">halogenated chemicals\u003c/a>. They’re grouped together as halogens on the Periodic Table, which means they share structural and chemical properties and behave similarly. Halogens—which include the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine—are highly reactive and can be extremely toxic at high enough doses. (Chlorine gas was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/chlorine.htm\">most feared weapons\u003c/a> used during World War I.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most flame retardants come in brominated and chlorinated forms. Brominated Tris (Tris-BP) was \u003ca href=\"http://www.arleneblum.com/pdfs/blum_77.pdf\">first identified as a possible carcinogen\u003c/a> in 1977 by UC Berkeley researchers Arlene Blum and Bruce Ames. Blum and Ames showed that Tris-BP acts as a mutagen—it damages DNA—with a high likelihood of causing cancer. A previous study had shown that adding Tris-BP to a goldfish tank at 1 ppm—that’s one unit of Tris-BP to a million parts of water—could kill the fish in just five days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46555\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/arlene/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/arlene.jpeg\" alt=\"arlene blum\" title=\"arlene blum\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arlene Blum, a biophysical chemist who led the first all-woman ascent of Denali in 1970, leads the call for safer flame retardants. She founded the Green Science Policy Institute after learning that a toxic chemical she helped remove from children’s pajamas in 1977 reappeared in foam furniture and baby products. (Photo courtesy of Steve McCaw/NIEHS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Blum and Ames’ work, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned Tris-BP from children’s pajamas in 1977. Manufacturers then switched to chlorinated Tris—formally called tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, or TDCPP. Again, Blum, Ames and a colleague pegged the chlorinated form as a mutagen. This time, manufacturers voluntarily removed the toxic chemical from kids’ pajamas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then six years ago, Blum discovered to her horror that manufacturers were using chlorinated Tris on polyurethane foam in furniture cushions, nursing pillows, car seats and other consumer products to meet California’s flammability standard (called Technical Bulletin 117). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers switched to chlorinated Tris after phasing out another brominated chemical, called Penta, which along with its close cousin Octa were banned in California in 2003. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/qanda.html\">Both have now been phased out\u003c/a> in the United States, but persist in the environment and are building up in the tissues of wildlife and humans, as well as in women’s breast milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers next turned to Firemaster 550, a proprietary formula that researchers have been scrambling to characterize. It’s now one of the most common replacements for banned flame retardants and a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801070p\">major component of house dust. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence of Harm\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nReplacing one halogen with another does nothing to address the safety of these flame retardants, Blum told me. You’re just trading one toxic compound for another, she explained. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so worried about getting rid of bisphenol A,\" she said. \"But the halogenated flame retardants are far more dangerous and far more persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals has linked halogenated flame retardants to a wide range of toxic effects, including liver, thyroid, reproductive and developmental damage, disrupted brain development and DNA damage. Human studies, though limited, point to lower IQ in children, reduced fertility, hormonal changes and altered onset of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now \u003ca href=\"http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-patisaul-firemaster/\">a preliminary study in rats\u003c/a> implicates Firemaster 550 as an endocrine disruptor and “obesogen,” a \u003ca href=\"http://www.uci.edu/features/2009/10/feature_obesogens_091019.php\">term coined by UCLA biologist Bruce Blumberg\u003c/a> to describe environmental chemicals that alter hormonal and metabolic processes and lead to obesity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot study, led by \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hbpatisa/\">Heather Patisaul\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at North Carolina State University and expert in endocrine-disruption, exposed pregnant rats to flame retardants at low, high and zero levels (as controls). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with other flame retardant studies, exposure to Firemaster 500 altered the thyroid levels of pregnant rats. Maternal thyroid hormones play a critical role in the normal growth and development of the fetus. Changes in thyroid levels can wreak havoc on developing organs, particularly the brain. In this study, Firemaster increased thyroid levels in the mothers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposing pregnant rats to Firemaster, the researchers detected a component of the flame retardant, called TBB, in both exposed mothers and their babies, suggesting the babies either ingested the compound while nursing or absorbed it in utero (after it crossed the placenta). Both exposed male and female offspring showed extreme weight gain. But in the female offspring, obesity came with additional costs, including early onset of puberty, high anxiety and insulin resistance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taking care to point out that their findings are preliminary, Patisaul and her colleagues also note that endocrine-disrupting effects of prenatal exposure to Firemaster 550 occurred at levels “much lower” than that reported safe by the manufacturer—and that we likely encounter in our homes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Safety without Toxic Chemicals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers don't understand exactly how diverse halogenated flame retardants cause damage. But they know that their shared chemical properties—which help them persist, accumulate in living tissue, and disrupt molecular processes—means that if one is toxic, the rest may be too. When it comes to this class of flame retardants, there appears to be no safer alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have long argued that regulations favor industry over public health by forcing consumers to prove that chemicals cause harm rather than requiring industry to demonstrate safety. It’s hard to find fault with that complaint when the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_928_cfa_20100401_171410_sen_comm.html\">has tested just 200 out of some 85,000 chemicals\u003c/a> in commerce--and banned five--while the California Department of Toxic Substances Control notes that 45 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/assessingrisk/emergingcontaminants.cfm#Related_Links\">some 2,500 high production volume compounds\u003c/a> lack adequate health and safety toxicity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the flame retardant business growing—from $4.6 billion in 2011 to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flame-retardant-chemicals-market-chm014k.html\">projected $6.1 billion in 2014\u003c/a>—manufacturers have a clear interest in protecting their investments. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">spent more than $23 million\u003c/a> to defeat five bills to regulate their products before the California Legislature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as a devastating \u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">report from the Chicago Tribune\u003c/a> showed, the industry deceived the public about the safety and efficacy of their products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum thinks it’s time to end the whack-a-mole approach to regulating flame retardants. And so does Gov. Jerry Brown, judging from his June directive to the Bureau of Electronic Appliance Repair, Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation, the bureau that controls the state’s flammability standards, to ensure fire safety without toxic flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can have fire safety without toxicity, Blum says. She hopes the research documenting the toxic effects of flame retardants reaches parents just as the pajama studies did. When it does, she believes, they’ll demand safer products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IDlb4N-_u4]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. But is it enough when manufacturers simply replace one toxic chemical with another?\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1353013002,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1276},"headData":{"title":"Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants | KQED","description":"Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. But is it enough when manufacturers simply replace one toxic chemical with another?\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"46549 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=46549","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/","disqusTitle":"Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants ","path":"/quest/46549/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/house_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46550\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg\" alt=\"burning house\" title=\"House_fire\" width=\"572\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg 572w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emerging research questions whether flame retardants used to meet California's flammability standard increase fire safety. Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. (Image: Kpahor/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html\">listed chlorinated Tris\u003c/a> as a cancer-causing chemical under Proposition 65. Under that 1986 law, businesses using a listed chemical have one year to add a warning label to their products. So now, if you buy foam furniture, car seats, nursing pillows or other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">baby products treated with chlorinated Tris\u003c/a>, you should see the warning: \"This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Characters\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChlorinated Tris and most other flame retardants are \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemtopics.com/elements/halogen/halogen.htm\">halogenated chemicals\u003c/a>. They’re grouped together as halogens on the Periodic Table, which means they share structural and chemical properties and behave similarly. Halogens—which include the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine—are highly reactive and can be extremely toxic at high enough doses. (Chlorine gas was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/chlorine.htm\">most feared weapons\u003c/a> used during World War I.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most flame retardants come in brominated and chlorinated forms. Brominated Tris (Tris-BP) was \u003ca href=\"http://www.arleneblum.com/pdfs/blum_77.pdf\">first identified as a possible carcinogen\u003c/a> in 1977 by UC Berkeley researchers Arlene Blum and Bruce Ames. Blum and Ames showed that Tris-BP acts as a mutagen—it damages DNA—with a high likelihood of causing cancer. A previous study had shown that adding Tris-BP to a goldfish tank at 1 ppm—that’s one unit of Tris-BP to a million parts of water—could kill the fish in just five days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46555\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/arlene/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/arlene.jpeg\" alt=\"arlene blum\" title=\"arlene blum\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arlene Blum, a biophysical chemist who led the first all-woman ascent of Denali in 1970, leads the call for safer flame retardants. She founded the Green Science Policy Institute after learning that a toxic chemical she helped remove from children’s pajamas in 1977 reappeared in foam furniture and baby products. (Photo courtesy of Steve McCaw/NIEHS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Blum and Ames’ work, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned Tris-BP from children’s pajamas in 1977. Manufacturers then switched to chlorinated Tris—formally called tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, or TDCPP. Again, Blum, Ames and a colleague pegged the chlorinated form as a mutagen. This time, manufacturers voluntarily removed the toxic chemical from kids’ pajamas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then six years ago, Blum discovered to her horror that manufacturers were using chlorinated Tris on polyurethane foam in furniture cushions, nursing pillows, car seats and other consumer products to meet California’s flammability standard (called Technical Bulletin 117). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers switched to chlorinated Tris after phasing out another brominated chemical, called Penta, which along with its close cousin Octa were banned in California in 2003. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/qanda.html\">Both have now been phased out\u003c/a> in the United States, but persist in the environment and are building up in the tissues of wildlife and humans, as well as in women’s breast milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers next turned to Firemaster 550, a proprietary formula that researchers have been scrambling to characterize. It’s now one of the most common replacements for banned flame retardants and a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801070p\">major component of house dust. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence of Harm\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nReplacing one halogen with another does nothing to address the safety of these flame retardants, Blum told me. You’re just trading one toxic compound for another, she explained. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so worried about getting rid of bisphenol A,\" she said. \"But the halogenated flame retardants are far more dangerous and far more persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals has linked halogenated flame retardants to a wide range of toxic effects, including liver, thyroid, reproductive and developmental damage, disrupted brain development and DNA damage. Human studies, though limited, point to lower IQ in children, reduced fertility, hormonal changes and altered onset of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now \u003ca href=\"http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-patisaul-firemaster/\">a preliminary study in rats\u003c/a> implicates Firemaster 550 as an endocrine disruptor and “obesogen,” a \u003ca href=\"http://www.uci.edu/features/2009/10/feature_obesogens_091019.php\">term coined by UCLA biologist Bruce Blumberg\u003c/a> to describe environmental chemicals that alter hormonal and metabolic processes and lead to obesity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot study, led by \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hbpatisa/\">Heather Patisaul\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at North Carolina State University and expert in endocrine-disruption, exposed pregnant rats to flame retardants at low, high and zero levels (as controls). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with other flame retardant studies, exposure to Firemaster 500 altered the thyroid levels of pregnant rats. Maternal thyroid hormones play a critical role in the normal growth and development of the fetus. Changes in thyroid levels can wreak havoc on developing organs, particularly the brain. In this study, Firemaster increased thyroid levels in the mothers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposing pregnant rats to Firemaster, the researchers detected a component of the flame retardant, called TBB, in both exposed mothers and their babies, suggesting the babies either ingested the compound while nursing or absorbed it in utero (after it crossed the placenta). Both exposed male and female offspring showed extreme weight gain. But in the female offspring, obesity came with additional costs, including early onset of puberty, high anxiety and insulin resistance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taking care to point out that their findings are preliminary, Patisaul and her colleagues also note that endocrine-disrupting effects of prenatal exposure to Firemaster 550 occurred at levels “much lower” than that reported safe by the manufacturer—and that we likely encounter in our homes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Safety without Toxic Chemicals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers don't understand exactly how diverse halogenated flame retardants cause damage. But they know that their shared chemical properties—which help them persist, accumulate in living tissue, and disrupt molecular processes—means that if one is toxic, the rest may be too. When it comes to this class of flame retardants, there appears to be no safer alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have long argued that regulations favor industry over public health by forcing consumers to prove that chemicals cause harm rather than requiring industry to demonstrate safety. It’s hard to find fault with that complaint when the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_928_cfa_20100401_171410_sen_comm.html\">has tested just 200 out of some 85,000 chemicals\u003c/a> in commerce--and banned five--while the California Department of Toxic Substances Control notes that 45 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/assessingrisk/emergingcontaminants.cfm#Related_Links\">some 2,500 high production volume compounds\u003c/a> lack adequate health and safety toxicity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the flame retardant business growing—from $4.6 billion in 2011 to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flame-retardant-chemicals-market-chm014k.html\">projected $6.1 billion in 2014\u003c/a>—manufacturers have a clear interest in protecting their investments. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">spent more than $23 million\u003c/a> to defeat five bills to regulate their products before the California Legislature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as a devastating \u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">report from the Chicago Tribune\u003c/a> showed, the industry deceived the public about the safety and efficacy of their products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum thinks it’s time to end the whack-a-mole approach to regulating flame retardants. And so does Gov. Jerry Brown, judging from his June directive to the Bureau of Electronic Appliance Repair, Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation, the bureau that controls the state’s flammability standards, to ensure fire safety without toxic flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can have fire safety without toxicity, Blum says. She hopes the research documenting the toxic effects of flame retardants reaches parents just as the pajama studies did. When it does, she believes, they’ll demand safer products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/6IDlb4N-_u4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/6IDlb4N-_u4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/46549/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11572","quest_13198","quest_10954","quest_11573","quest_13202","quest_11574"],"featImg":"quest_46550","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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