Much More Water on the Moon than Previously Thought
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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"kyle-s-dawson":{"type":"authors","id":"10185","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10185","found":true},"name":"Kyle S. Dawson","firstName":"Kyle S.","lastName":"Dawson","slug":"kyle-s-dawson","email":"KDawson@lbl.gov","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Kyle Dawson is engaged in \u003cstrong>post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope\u003c/strong> at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bfccfc253577ebf74c1ffca089bc725e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Kyle S. 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Image courtesy of NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA scientists in Mountain View made international headlines when they crashed a rocket into a permanently shadowed crater on the moon's south pole and announced they had found water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, they unveiled new findings about the amount of water on the moon and a \"treasure trove\" of gases and metals buried within the lunar soil, which along with the water, could be extracted to make rocket fuel on the moon. The research appears in the October 22nd edition of the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you took the 10 kilometer region around the LCROSS site, that is said to have 5 percent concentration of water, that would be equivalent to a billion gallons of water,\" said Tony Colaprete, the principal investigator on the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission to search for water on the moon. A billion gallons is enough to fill 1500 Olympic-sized swimming pools. The lunar scientists now suspect that there is 50 percent more water than they had previously estimated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colaprete also said that given the large number of craters on the moon, which function as \"cold traps\" that accumulate molecules of water over billions of years, \"potentially, you could have 10 to 100 times that total amount of water.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found some of the coldest places in the solar system and they’re on our moon. These places have temperatures that are so cold that they can preserve water ice in a vacuum for billions of years,\" said Michael Wargo, a chief lunar scientist at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lunar water is thought to exist in \"oases,\" or deposits, instead of being uniformly distributed across the moon. It also exists mainly in the form of water ice crystals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's good news because water ice is very much a friendly resource to work with. It's easy to extract and turn it into a resource, you don’t have to warm it very much, you can pull it out of the dirt really easy,\" said Colaprete, who described a process of extraction whereby the ice-bearing lunar soil could be heated to 100 degrees Celsius to collect the water vapor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the live NASA teleconference, the scientists said that the amount of other materials they detected on the moon - including mercury, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, sodium and silver - may make up as much as 20 percent of the lunar dust plume kicked up by the impact of the LCROSS rocket. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both discoveries could be instrumental in one day making it easier to set up a lunar colony, the researchers said, because of the high cost of transporting materials to the moon, which can exceed thousands of dollars per pound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA shot a Centaur rocket carrying the LCROSS and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and in October, they deliberately crashed the rocket at 6,000 mph into Cabeus, a cold, dark crater on the moon’s south pole that hasn’t seen sunlight in billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact sent up a plume of lunar soil and debris several miles over the crater’s rim, exposing it to sunlight. Meanwhile, the spacecraft collected data for four crucial minutes, allowing scientists to analyze the chemical makeup of the ejected lunar soil, before it too crashed into the crater. Since then, the LCROSS team has been sifting through the information to glean clues about earth’s 4.5 billion year-old neighbor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the water get there? According to Colaprete, it’s likely a combination of sources. One way it could have arrived is from solar wind depositing hydrogen into the lunar granules which contain oxygen atoms. Another way is from impacts by icy comets slamming into the moon, a theory supported by the observation of these other chemicals and hydrocarbons that also exist in comets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last manned lunar mission was Apollo 17 in 1972. In recent years, the U.S., along with Japan, China and India have launched various unmanned lunar mission. NASA is scheduled to launch two other lunar exploratory missions, GRAIL and LADEE in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to map the moon’s interior structure and further analyze the moon’s dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the next several decades, a new generation of astronauts may return to set up a lunar outpost, setting the stage for future missions to Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next 20 years, next 10 years, you’re going to see the moon continue to expand in its diversity, and its complexity and its interest, among the communities of both laypeople and professionals and that’s going to pull us there,” said Colaprete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instruments currently orbiting the moon are allowing the scientists to map in much greater detail hydrogen-rich, lunar \"permafrost\" regions that may contain deposits of water ice and other compounds that could help support a future lunar colony. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before that lunar colony can be set up, there has to be a more sophisticated understanding of where exactly the water is and how easy or difficult it will be to mine when it's found. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next step is to look at smaller and smaller scales at the lunar surface of the distribution of water as a resource,\" said Colaprete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I were an astronaut walking along, how far do I have to walk before I find some water and how extensive are these pockets of water?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA scientists reveal that water on the moon isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1310068118,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":941},"headData":{"title":"Much More Water on the Moon than Previously Thought | KQED","description":"NASA scientists reveal that water on the moon isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Much More Water on the Moon than Previously Thought","datePublished":"2010-10-22T16:48:15.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-07T19:48:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"9779 http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/much-more-water-on-the-moon-than-previously-thought/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/much-more-water-on-the-moon-than-previously-thought/","disqusTitle":"Much More Water on the Moon than Previously Thought","path":"/quest/9779/much-more-water-on-the-moon-than-previously-thought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/NASA_scaled_LCROSS_167848main_lcross_hires.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of the LCROSS spacecraft and its upper stage Centaur rocket. Image courtesy of NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA scientists in Mountain View made international headlines when they crashed a rocket into a permanently shadowed crater on the moon's south pole and announced they had found water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, they unveiled new findings about the amount of water on the moon and a \"treasure trove\" of gases and metals buried within the lunar soil, which along with the water, could be extracted to make rocket fuel on the moon. The research appears in the October 22nd edition of the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you took the 10 kilometer region around the LCROSS site, that is said to have 5 percent concentration of water, that would be equivalent to a billion gallons of water,\" said Tony Colaprete, the principal investigator on the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission to search for water on the moon. A billion gallons is enough to fill 1500 Olympic-sized swimming pools. The lunar scientists now suspect that there is 50 percent more water than they had previously estimated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colaprete also said that given the large number of craters on the moon, which function as \"cold traps\" that accumulate molecules of water over billions of years, \"potentially, you could have 10 to 100 times that total amount of water.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found some of the coldest places in the solar system and they’re on our moon. These places have temperatures that are so cold that they can preserve water ice in a vacuum for billions of years,\" said Michael Wargo, a chief lunar scientist at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lunar water is thought to exist in \"oases,\" or deposits, instead of being uniformly distributed across the moon. It also exists mainly in the form of water ice crystals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's good news because water ice is very much a friendly resource to work with. It's easy to extract and turn it into a resource, you don’t have to warm it very much, you can pull it out of the dirt really easy,\" said Colaprete, who described a process of extraction whereby the ice-bearing lunar soil could be heated to 100 degrees Celsius to collect the water vapor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the live NASA teleconference, the scientists said that the amount of other materials they detected on the moon - including mercury, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, sodium and silver - may make up as much as 20 percent of the lunar dust plume kicked up by the impact of the LCROSS rocket. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both discoveries could be instrumental in one day making it easier to set up a lunar colony, the researchers said, because of the high cost of transporting materials to the moon, which can exceed thousands of dollars per pound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA shot a Centaur rocket carrying the LCROSS and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and in October, they deliberately crashed the rocket at 6,000 mph into Cabeus, a cold, dark crater on the moon’s south pole that hasn’t seen sunlight in billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact sent up a plume of lunar soil and debris several miles over the crater’s rim, exposing it to sunlight. Meanwhile, the spacecraft collected data for four crucial minutes, allowing scientists to analyze the chemical makeup of the ejected lunar soil, before it too crashed into the crater. Since then, the LCROSS team has been sifting through the information to glean clues about earth’s 4.5 billion year-old neighbor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the water get there? According to Colaprete, it’s likely a combination of sources. One way it could have arrived is from solar wind depositing hydrogen into the lunar granules which contain oxygen atoms. Another way is from impacts by icy comets slamming into the moon, a theory supported by the observation of these other chemicals and hydrocarbons that also exist in comets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last manned lunar mission was Apollo 17 in 1972. In recent years, the U.S., along with Japan, China and India have launched various unmanned lunar mission. NASA is scheduled to launch two other lunar exploratory missions, GRAIL and LADEE in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to map the moon’s interior structure and further analyze the moon’s dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the next several decades, a new generation of astronauts may return to set up a lunar outpost, setting the stage for future missions to Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next 20 years, next 10 years, you’re going to see the moon continue to expand in its diversity, and its complexity and its interest, among the communities of both laypeople and professionals and that’s going to pull us there,” said Colaprete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instruments currently orbiting the moon are allowing the scientists to map in much greater detail hydrogen-rich, lunar \"permafrost\" regions that may contain deposits of water ice and other compounds that could help support a future lunar colony. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before that lunar colony can be set up, there has to be a more sophisticated understanding of where exactly the water is and how easy or difficult it will be to mine when it's found. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next step is to look at smaller and smaller scales at the lunar surface of the distribution of water as a resource,\" said Colaprete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I were an astronaut walking along, how far do I have to walk before I find some water and how extensive are these pockets of water?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/9779/much-more-water-on-the-moon-than-previously-thought","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_242","quest_243","quest_13192","quest_3351","quest_1583","quest_1631","quest_1700","quest_30","quest_1870","quest_1918","quest_1919","quest_13203","quest_2141","quest_2218","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2539","quest_2740","quest_3108"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6670":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6670","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6670","score":null,"sort":[1279747830000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-moon-mission-reveals-new-clues-about-water-on-the-moon","title":"NASA Moon Mission Reveals New Clues About Water on the Moon","publishDate":1279747830,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/NASA_scaled_LCROSS_167848main_lcross_hires.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of the LCROSS spacecraft and its upper stage Centaur rocket. Image courtesy of NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for KQED News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA scientists in Mountain View made international headlines when they crashed a rocket into the moon and announced they had found water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, they revealed that the water – which exists as ice and vapor – isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials, from mercury to magnesium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both discoveries could be instrumental in one day making it easier to set up a lunar colony, the researchers said, because of the high cost of transporting materials to the moon, which can exceed thousands of dollars per pound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s water and much more,” said Anthony Colaprete, an astrophysicist at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. “The others, from a scientific standpoint and a resource standpoint may prove to be as important or more important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colaprete is the principal investigator on the mission to find water on the moon, which is known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">LCROSS\u003c/a> or the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite. Last year, the scientists shot an unmanned spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and in October, they deliberately crashed its rocket at 6,000 mph into Cabeus, a cold, dark crater on the moon’s south pole that hasn’t seen sunlight in billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact sent up a plume of lunar soil and debris several miles over the crater’s rim, exposing it to sunlight. Meanwhile, the spacecraft collected data for four crucial minutes, allowing scientists to analyze the chemical makeup of the ejected lunar soil, before it too crashed into the crater. In the nine months since then, the LCROSS team has been sifting through the information to glean clues about earth’s 4.5 billion year-old neighbor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How wet is the moon? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As wet as the Sahara, perhaps wetter in some places”, said Colaprete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, at the third annual Lunar Science Forum at NASA Ames, researchers discussed everything from the physics of the LCROSS impact to the complex chemistry of the moon. Among their findings: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-\tThe distribution of water on the moon is not uniform, but “chunky”, occurring in deposits in dark craters like the one LCROSS struck.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe range of chemicals found on the moon is wider than once thought and includes mercury, magnesium, sulfur dioxide and possibly, formaldehyde, along with sodium, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and methane.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe total amount of water in the target site and the plume observed by LCROSS: 26 gallons \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the water get there? According to Colaprete, it’s likely a combination of sources. One way it could have arrived is from solar wind depositing hydrogen into the lunar granules which contain oxygen atoms. Another way is from impacts by icy comets slamming into the moon, a theory supported by the observation of these other chemicals and hydrocarbons that also exist in comets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last manned lunar mission was Apollo 17 in 1972. In recent years, the U.S., along with Japan, China and India have launched various unmanned lunar mission. NASA is scheduled to launch two other lunar exploratory missions, GRAIL and LADEE in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to map the moon’s interior structure and further analyze the moon’s dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the next several decades, a new generation of astronauts may return to set up a lunar outpost, setting the stage for future missions to Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next 20 years, next 10 years, you’re going to see the moon continue to expand in its diversity, and its complexity and its interest, among the communities of both laypeople and professionals and that’s going to pull us there,” said Colaprete. “There’s a lot you can do with the moon. It’s fundamental to understanding our place in the solar system and we’ve always appreciated that and recent studies have accentuated it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA scientists reveal that water on the moon isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1279747830,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":701},"headData":{"title":"NASA Moon Mission Reveals New Clues About Water on the Moon | KQED","description":"NASA scientists reveal that water on the moon isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA Moon Mission Reveals New Clues About Water on the Moon","datePublished":"2010-07-21T21:30:30.000Z","dateModified":"2010-07-21T21:30:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6670 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/07/20/nasa-moon-mission-reveals-new-clues-about-water-on-the-moon/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/21/nasa-moon-mission-reveals-new-clues-about-water-on-the-moon/","disqusTitle":"NASA Moon Mission Reveals New Clues About Water on the Moon","path":"/quest/6670/nasa-moon-mission-reveals-new-clues-about-water-on-the-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/NASA_scaled_LCROSS_167848main_lcross_hires.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of the LCROSS spacecraft and its upper stage Centaur rocket. Image courtesy of NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for KQED News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA scientists in Mountain View made international headlines when they crashed a rocket into the moon and announced they had found water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, they revealed that the water – which exists as ice and vapor – isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials, from mercury to magnesium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both discoveries could be instrumental in one day making it easier to set up a lunar colony, the researchers said, because of the high cost of transporting materials to the moon, which can exceed thousands of dollars per pound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s water and much more,” said Anthony Colaprete, an astrophysicist at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. “The others, from a scientific standpoint and a resource standpoint may prove to be as important or more important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colaprete is the principal investigator on the mission to find water on the moon, which is known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">LCROSS\u003c/a> or the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite. Last year, the scientists shot an unmanned spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and in October, they deliberately crashed its rocket at 6,000 mph into Cabeus, a cold, dark crater on the moon’s south pole that hasn’t seen sunlight in billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact sent up a plume of lunar soil and debris several miles over the crater’s rim, exposing it to sunlight. Meanwhile, the spacecraft collected data for four crucial minutes, allowing scientists to analyze the chemical makeup of the ejected lunar soil, before it too crashed into the crater. In the nine months since then, the LCROSS team has been sifting through the information to glean clues about earth’s 4.5 billion year-old neighbor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How wet is the moon? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As wet as the Sahara, perhaps wetter in some places”, said Colaprete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, at the third annual Lunar Science Forum at NASA Ames, researchers discussed everything from the physics of the LCROSS impact to the complex chemistry of the moon. Among their findings: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-\tThe distribution of water on the moon is not uniform, but “chunky”, occurring in deposits in dark craters like the one LCROSS struck.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe range of chemicals found on the moon is wider than once thought and includes mercury, magnesium, sulfur dioxide and possibly, formaldehyde, along with sodium, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and methane.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe total amount of water in the target site and the plume observed by LCROSS: 26 gallons \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the water get there? According to Colaprete, it’s likely a combination of sources. One way it could have arrived is from solar wind depositing hydrogen into the lunar granules which contain oxygen atoms. Another way is from impacts by icy comets slamming into the moon, a theory supported by the observation of these other chemicals and hydrocarbons that also exist in comets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last manned lunar mission was Apollo 17 in 1972. In recent years, the U.S., along with Japan, China and India have launched various unmanned lunar mission. NASA is scheduled to launch two other lunar exploratory missions, GRAIL and LADEE in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to map the moon’s interior structure and further analyze the moon’s dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the next several decades, a new generation of astronauts may return to set up a lunar outpost, setting the stage for future missions to Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next 20 years, next 10 years, you’re going to see the moon continue to expand in its diversity, and its complexity and its interest, among the communities of both laypeople and professionals and that’s going to pull us there,” said Colaprete. “There’s a lot you can do with the moon. It’s fundamental to understanding our place in the solar system and we’ve always appreciated that and recent studies have accentuated it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6670/nasa-moon-mission-reveals-new-clues-about-water-on-the-moon","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_242","quest_243","quest_13192","quest_3351","quest_1583","quest_1631","quest_1700","quest_30","quest_1870","quest_1918","quest_1919","quest_13203","quest_2141","quest_2218","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2539","quest_2740","quest_3108"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6549":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6549","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6549","score":null,"sort":[1279587302000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-science-news-northern-california-scientists-helping-lead-project-to-build-world%e2%80%99s-biggest-telescope","title":"Northern California Scientists Helping Lead Project To Build World's Biggest Telescope","publishDate":1279587302,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Northern California Scientists Helping Lead Project To Build World’s Biggest Telescope | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.tmt.org\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/tmt-2009-rev300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Thirty Meter Telescope would be built in Hawaii, atop Mauna Kea at around 13,000 feet. Artist’s interpretation courtesy of TMT Observatory Corporation.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the University of California are working with a team of international researchers on one of the most high-profile science projects of this decade: an effort to construct the largest optical telescope on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $986 million project is planned for the summit of Mauna Kea, on Hawaii’s Big Island, and will feature a primary mirror 98-feet in diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists working on the project hope to begin construction next year and complete it by 2018 or 2019. They say the facility, dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/8373845\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a>, will allow astronomers to observe with much more clarity some of the earliest stars and galaxies of the universe and investigate what they’re made of. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be able to look back at the baby pictures of the universe and trace how it developed,” said Michael Bolte, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucolick.org/\">University of California Observatories\u003c/a> and a member of the board of directors for the new telescope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope won approval last month from the University of Hawaii Board of Regents, which holds the lease to the site. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to exploring the farthest reaches of the universe, the telescope also will be able to routinely and easily produce images of the more than 450 planets that have been discovered orbiting stars outside of our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the existence of these so-called “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">exoplanets\u003c/a>” can only be inferred by measuring the gravitational tugging forces exerted by the stars they orbit. The telescope also could help determine if some of them have atmospheres similar to Earth’s – the precursor to finding life on another planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be one of the most important scientific facilities of the 21st century,” said Bolte, who is also a professor of astronomy at UC-Santa Cruz. “When we look back, it’s going to be the \u003ca href=\"http://atlas.ch/\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> and the Thirty Meter Telescope and I’m not sure what else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is a joint effort of the University of California, the California Institute of Technology and the Association of Canadian Universities for Research in Astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sizable amount of its funding is coming from the Bay Area. The Betty and Gordon Moore Foundation, in Palo Alto, has pledged $200 million toward the telescope’s construction. The University of California and Caltech each plan to raise $50 million. And contributions are expected from the Canadian universities, as well as the governments of China, India and Japan. But 10 to 20 percent of the telescope’s budget still remains to be raised, said Bolte. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new telescope’s 98-foot (30 meter) mirror would be three times as big as the mirrors on the twin \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\">Keck telescopes\u003c/a> in Hawaii, currently the biggest in the world, and also owned by the University of California and Caltech. The telescope would produce images three times as sharp as the 33-foot Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea, and would be able to look at objects that are nine times fainter. This would make it possible for scientists to better understand the origins of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The universe is 13.7 billion years old and we can see objects that are 13 billion years away, but all we get is fuzzy blobs,” said UC-Santa Cruz astronomer Garth Illingworth, chair of the telescope’s Science Advisory Committee. “We’d like to learn more about these stars and galaxies.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January of 2010, Illingworth and his team announced that they had observed \u003ca href=\"http://firstgalaxies.org/\">the most distant galaxies ever seen\u003c/a>. Looking back in time 13 billion years, they found galaxies that were just 600 or 700 million years from the Big Bang. Photographs of these galaxies, which appear as several tiny dots, were made by the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space-based telescopes like Hubble have an advantage over ground telescopes because they don’t have to contend with the blurring caused by the Earth’s atmosphere. But they’re more expensive and therefore, smaller. Hubble’s mirror is less than 8 feet in diameter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bigger ground-based telescopes can gather more light than small space-based telescopes. So they make objects that once were faint appear brighter. And the additional light gives researchers information on the chemical composition of objects like stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When astronomers understand what a star is made out of, they can better establish its age. And this allows them to plot out the history of the universe more accurately. What’s understood now is that the Big Bang was followed by a period of darkness that astronomers call the Dark Ages. But it’s not clear how long that period lasted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s controversy about the period before which there were no stars,” said Jerry Nelson, UC-Santa Cruz astronomer and project scientist for the telescope. “The idea is to establish bounds on this. The question is when do you get stars forming that burn holes through this opaque stuff?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to answering questions about the history of the universe, observers say the telescope could also eventually lead to new energy sources based on the nuclear fusion that fuels stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All those points of light are nuclear furnaces,” said bestselling San Francisco author Timothy Ferris, who wrote “Seeing in the Dark” and other books about astronomy and telescopes. “And they have something to teach us.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope’s mirror will be made out of 492 closely fit individual hexagonal glass mirrors. The Keck telescopes were the first to use these segmented mirrors to get around the problems created by gigantic individual mirrors. The Keck telescopes were so successful, said Illingworth, that UC and Caltech envisioned the Thirty Meter Telescope as a way to scale-up the Keck model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/7442223\">TMT Fly-Through\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/thirtymeter\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But big ground-based telescopes have their limitations. Though they can give astronomers more light to study, they can’t by virtue of their size alone make objects appear sharper. To reduce the blurring caused by the atmosphere, scientists use a series of techniques called adaptive optics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Adaptive optics is like putting glasses on a big telescope,” said Nelson. A telescope with \u003ca href=\"http://cfao.ucolick.org/pgallery/\">adaptive optics\u003c/a> not only sees sharper images of stars, it also sees more stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An expensive and technically complicated process, adaptive optics was used on telescopes for the first time to correct distortions on the Keck telescopes. The technique takes advantage of a layer of the atmosphere that starts about 50 miles above the Earth. This layer is made up of sodium atoms brought in by small meteorites that vaporize as they enter the atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists point an orange laser toward the sodium layer. The laser excites the sodium atoms, which become like artificial stars, radiating light back toward the telescope. The process allows researchers to correct for atmospheric turbulence, which causes phenomena such as the twinkle that we see around stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other telescopes in the range of the Thirty Meter Telescope are in the works. An 80-foot mirror called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmto.org/\">Giant Magellan Telescope\u003c/a> is being spearheaded by a group that includes the Carnegie Institution for Science in Pasadena, Harvard University, the universities of Texas and Arizona and the government of Korea. That telescope is scheduled to be completed in 2018. And Europe is working on the aptly named \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/e-elt.html\">Extremely Large Telescope\u003c/a>, which would have a 138-foot mirror. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re strongly complimentary,” said Bolte. “The Giant Magellan and the European telescope will be in the southern hemisphere, in Chile. So we’ll have access to the entire sky.” Having several of these instruments, he said, would make valuable telescope time more readily available to astronomers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Thirty Meter Telescope, which would be built at an elevation of about 13,000 feet, has not been without controversy. Environmentalists say its construction would harm the wekiu bug, a native species that lives atop high Hawaiian peaks. Some Native Hawaiians have come out in opposition, saying that the summit of Mauna Kea is sacred and should not have any more construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope that the Thirty Meter Telescope will provide answers for many current astronomy questions: What is the invisible matter that makes up 25 percent of universe? What is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy\">mysterious energy\u003c/a> that is making it expand faster and faster? But Bolte suspects that just as telescopes in the past surprised scientists by revealing that the planets orbit the Sun and that the universe is expanding, the new telescope’s contributions are impossible to fully predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you build a new telescope with significant new capabilities, you usually solve the problems of the day and find new things you didn’t even know were there,” Bolte said. “The Thirty Meter Telescope will be a bigger jump than any other jump we’ve had, so the new discoveries will be all the more unexpected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/8373845\">TMT Overview\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/thirtymeter\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCheck out these QUEST TV and Radio stories about other University of California astronomy projects\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-the-northern-lights\">Illuminating the Northern Lights\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets\">\u003cbr>\nExoplanets\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/seti-the-new-search-for-et\">SETI: The New Search for ET\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">The Planet Hunters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.9971411 -122.0581762\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists from the University of California are working to construct the largest telescope on Earth.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975171,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1589},"headData":{"title":"Northern California Scientists Helping Lead Project To Build World's Biggest Telescope | KQED","description":"Scientists from the University of California are working to construct the largest telescope on Earth.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Northern California Scientists Helping Lead Project To Build World's Biggest Telescope","datePublished":"2010-07-20T00:55:02.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:39:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/6549/quest-science-news-northern-california-scientists-helping-lead-project-to-build-world%e2%80%99s-biggest-telescope","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.tmt.org\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/tmt-2009-rev300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Thirty Meter Telescope would be built in Hawaii, atop Mauna Kea at around 13,000 feet. Artist’s interpretation courtesy of TMT Observatory Corporation.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the University of California are working with a team of international researchers on one of the most high-profile science projects of this decade: an effort to construct the largest optical telescope on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $986 million project is planned for the summit of Mauna Kea, on Hawaii’s Big Island, and will feature a primary mirror 98-feet in diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists working on the project hope to begin construction next year and complete it by 2018 or 2019. They say the facility, dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/8373845\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a>, will allow astronomers to observe with much more clarity some of the earliest stars and galaxies of the universe and investigate what they’re made of. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be able to look back at the baby pictures of the universe and trace how it developed,” said Michael Bolte, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucolick.org/\">University of California Observatories\u003c/a> and a member of the board of directors for the new telescope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope won approval last month from the University of Hawaii Board of Regents, which holds the lease to the site. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to exploring the farthest reaches of the universe, the telescope also will be able to routinely and easily produce images of the more than 450 planets that have been discovered orbiting stars outside of our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the existence of these so-called “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">exoplanets\u003c/a>” can only be inferred by measuring the gravitational tugging forces exerted by the stars they orbit. The telescope also could help determine if some of them have atmospheres similar to Earth’s – the precursor to finding life on another planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be one of the most important scientific facilities of the 21st century,” said Bolte, who is also a professor of astronomy at UC-Santa Cruz. “When we look back, it’s going to be the \u003ca href=\"http://atlas.ch/\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> and the Thirty Meter Telescope and I’m not sure what else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is a joint effort of the University of California, the California Institute of Technology and the Association of Canadian Universities for Research in Astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sizable amount of its funding is coming from the Bay Area. The Betty and Gordon Moore Foundation, in Palo Alto, has pledged $200 million toward the telescope’s construction. The University of California and Caltech each plan to raise $50 million. And contributions are expected from the Canadian universities, as well as the governments of China, India and Japan. But 10 to 20 percent of the telescope’s budget still remains to be raised, said Bolte. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new telescope’s 98-foot (30 meter) mirror would be three times as big as the mirrors on the twin \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\">Keck telescopes\u003c/a> in Hawaii, currently the biggest in the world, and also owned by the University of California and Caltech. The telescope would produce images three times as sharp as the 33-foot Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea, and would be able to look at objects that are nine times fainter. This would make it possible for scientists to better understand the origins of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The universe is 13.7 billion years old and we can see objects that are 13 billion years away, but all we get is fuzzy blobs,” said UC-Santa Cruz astronomer Garth Illingworth, chair of the telescope’s Science Advisory Committee. “We’d like to learn more about these stars and galaxies.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January of 2010, Illingworth and his team announced that they had observed \u003ca href=\"http://firstgalaxies.org/\">the most distant galaxies ever seen\u003c/a>. Looking back in time 13 billion years, they found galaxies that were just 600 or 700 million years from the Big Bang. Photographs of these galaxies, which appear as several tiny dots, were made by the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space-based telescopes like Hubble have an advantage over ground telescopes because they don’t have to contend with the blurring caused by the Earth’s atmosphere. But they’re more expensive and therefore, smaller. Hubble’s mirror is less than 8 feet in diameter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bigger ground-based telescopes can gather more light than small space-based telescopes. So they make objects that once were faint appear brighter. And the additional light gives researchers information on the chemical composition of objects like stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When astronomers understand what a star is made out of, they can better establish its age. And this allows them to plot out the history of the universe more accurately. What’s understood now is that the Big Bang was followed by a period of darkness that astronomers call the Dark Ages. But it’s not clear how long that period lasted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s controversy about the period before which there were no stars,” said Jerry Nelson, UC-Santa Cruz astronomer and project scientist for the telescope. “The idea is to establish bounds on this. The question is when do you get stars forming that burn holes through this opaque stuff?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to answering questions about the history of the universe, observers say the telescope could also eventually lead to new energy sources based on the nuclear fusion that fuels stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All those points of light are nuclear furnaces,” said bestselling San Francisco author Timothy Ferris, who wrote “Seeing in the Dark” and other books about astronomy and telescopes. “And they have something to teach us.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope’s mirror will be made out of 492 closely fit individual hexagonal glass mirrors. The Keck telescopes were the first to use these segmented mirrors to get around the problems created by gigantic individual mirrors. The Keck telescopes were so successful, said Illingworth, that UC and Caltech envisioned the Thirty Meter Telescope as a way to scale-up the Keck model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/7442223\">TMT Fly-Through\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/thirtymeter\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But big ground-based telescopes have their limitations. Though they can give astronomers more light to study, they can’t by virtue of their size alone make objects appear sharper. To reduce the blurring caused by the atmosphere, scientists use a series of techniques called adaptive optics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Adaptive optics is like putting glasses on a big telescope,” said Nelson. A telescope with \u003ca href=\"http://cfao.ucolick.org/pgallery/\">adaptive optics\u003c/a> not only sees sharper images of stars, it also sees more stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An expensive and technically complicated process, adaptive optics was used on telescopes for the first time to correct distortions on the Keck telescopes. The technique takes advantage of a layer of the atmosphere that starts about 50 miles above the Earth. This layer is made up of sodium atoms brought in by small meteorites that vaporize as they enter the atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists point an orange laser toward the sodium layer. The laser excites the sodium atoms, which become like artificial stars, radiating light back toward the telescope. The process allows researchers to correct for atmospheric turbulence, which causes phenomena such as the twinkle that we see around stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other telescopes in the range of the Thirty Meter Telescope are in the works. An 80-foot mirror called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmto.org/\">Giant Magellan Telescope\u003c/a> is being spearheaded by a group that includes the Carnegie Institution for Science in Pasadena, Harvard University, the universities of Texas and Arizona and the government of Korea. That telescope is scheduled to be completed in 2018. And Europe is working on the aptly named \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/e-elt.html\">Extremely Large Telescope\u003c/a>, which would have a 138-foot mirror. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re strongly complimentary,” said Bolte. “The Giant Magellan and the European telescope will be in the southern hemisphere, in Chile. So we’ll have access to the entire sky.” Having several of these instruments, he said, would make valuable telescope time more readily available to astronomers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Thirty Meter Telescope, which would be built at an elevation of about 13,000 feet, has not been without controversy. Environmentalists say its construction would harm the wekiu bug, a native species that lives atop high Hawaiian peaks. Some Native Hawaiians have come out in opposition, saying that the summit of Mauna Kea is sacred and should not have any more construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope that the Thirty Meter Telescope will provide answers for many current astronomy questions: What is the invisible matter that makes up 25 percent of universe? What is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy\">mysterious energy\u003c/a> that is making it expand faster and faster? But Bolte suspects that just as telescopes in the past surprised scientists by revealing that the planets orbit the Sun and that the universe is expanding, the new telescope’s contributions are impossible to fully predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you build a new telescope with significant new capabilities, you usually solve the problems of the day and find new things you didn’t even know were there,” Bolte said. “The Thirty Meter Telescope will be a bigger jump than any other jump we’ve had, so the new discoveries will be all the more unexpected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/8373845\">TMT Overview\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/thirtymeter\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCheck out these QUEST TV and Radio stories about other University of California astronomy projects\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-the-northern-lights\">Illuminating the Northern Lights\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets\">\u003cbr>\nExoplanets\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/seti-the-new-search-for-et\">SETI: The New Search for ET\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">The Planet Hunters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.9971411 -122.0581762\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6549/quest-science-news-northern-california-scientists-helping-lead-project-to-build-world%e2%80%99s-biggest-telescope","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_242","quest_243","quest_13192","quest_1405","quest_1406","quest_3351","quest_1583","quest_13203","quest_2033","quest_2082","quest_2141","quest_2218","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2539","quest_2780","quest_2891","quest_2932"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3225":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3225","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3225","score":null,"sort":[1249068884000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jupiter-nuked-by-comet-again","title":"Jupiter "Nuked" By Comet? (again)","publishDate":1249068884,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/jupiter_boom.jpg\">\u003cem>Hot spot created by impact on Jupiter, taken by NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii. Picture credit, NASA. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>An Earth-sized hole on Jupiter!\u003c/em> the email alerts, websites, and finally news channels were saying on Monday, July 20th. At Chabot, we were polled by at least two local news channels asking what had happened. So, what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evidently, the aftermath of some kind of collision on Jupiter was \u003ca href=\"http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/amateur-astronomer-finds-new-earth-size-impact-mark-on-jupiter/?hp\">spotted by an amateur astronomer\u003c/a> in Australia that Monday morning. He spotted a dark marking near the planet's South Pole, and alerted NASA. NASA in turn turned its large infrared telescope in Hawaii onto the scene of the crash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There glowed the thermal footprint of the likely impact, the affected area \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/interactive/2009/jul/21/jupiter-asteroid-comet-hole\">roughly the size of the Earth\u003c/a>. Had this impact taken place on Earth instead, the results would have been catastrophic. Fortunately this was Jupiter, half a billion miles away and large enough to absorb the impact without lasting effects. (And, owing to the fact that Jupiter is a gaseous planet with no solid surface, it would quickly heal from the trauma, not unlike that liquid-metal Terminator from the second movie of the same name.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A significant event? Yes, in fact. But that's not all... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind 15 years to July 20th, 1994, the middle of the week during which twenty-something fragments of the broken \u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/archive/sl9/sl9.html\">comet Shoemaker-Levy 9\u003c/a> were in fact colliding with Jupiter... An amazing coincidence? Yes; the two events likely have nothing to do with each other. So, then, a common event, if we're seeing two of them in the span of only 15 years? Well... not really.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the string of fragments of Shoemaker-Levy 9 hailed down on Jupiter, it was the first time in history that humans had observed actual impacts on a Solar System body (other than perhaps the Sun--but as it turns out comets hitting that huge target are not uncommon). The Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts, and the one on July 20th this year, left highly visible marks that lasted for days. The amateur astronomer who discovered the recent scar did so with a relatively small 14.5\" backyard telescope! So, if this sort of impact were a common event, even if the impacting comets or asteroids were never seen, the gashes they leave in Jupiter's atmosphere ought to be spotted from time to time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impacts—on Jupiter, Earth, and all the bodies of the Solar System—do occur, and the smaller the impacting object, the more frequently they happen. For a \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/target.html\">planet like Earth\u003c/a>, on average a chunk of rock a few meters across \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/25/asteroid-apophis-hit-or-miss/\">enters our atmosphere \u003c/a>about once a year, and often burns up completely or explodes before hitting the ground. A 50 meter object, again on average, is likely to \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/30jun_tunguska.htm\">strike Earth once in a century\u003c/a>. A one-kilometer object impact averages every few hundred thousand years, and a multi-kilometer sized asteroid or comet similar to the one that wiped out the dinosaurs and which would cause global catastrophe—well, the last one of that size struck ground 65 million years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Jupiter, being a larger target than Earth, having a much stronger gravitational pull, and being close to the asteroid belt—well, Jupiter's impact statistics should probably involve higher frequencies than Earth.\u003cbr>\nIn fact, impacts like the one on July 20th are happy events for us; every time Jupiter is hit by a large object, that's one less object in the Solar System that could potentially hit the Earth in the future. So, on July 20th, Jupiter took another bullet for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An Earth-sized hole on Jupiter! What happened?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371078711,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":614},"headData":{"title":"Jupiter "Nuked" By Comet? (again) | KQED","description":"An Earth-sized hole on Jupiter! What happened?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Jupiter "Nuked" By Comet? (again)","datePublished":"2009-07-31T19:34:44.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:11:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3225 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3225","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/31/jupiter-nuked-by-comet-again/","disqusTitle":"Jupiter "Nuked" By Comet? (again)","path":"/quest/3225/jupiter-nuked-by-comet-again","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/jupiter_boom.jpg\">\u003cem>Hot spot created by impact on Jupiter, taken by NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii. Picture credit, NASA. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>An Earth-sized hole on Jupiter!\u003c/em> the email alerts, websites, and finally news channels were saying on Monday, July 20th. At Chabot, we were polled by at least two local news channels asking what had happened. So, what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evidently, the aftermath of some kind of collision on Jupiter was \u003ca href=\"http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/amateur-astronomer-finds-new-earth-size-impact-mark-on-jupiter/?hp\">spotted by an amateur astronomer\u003c/a> in Australia that Monday morning. He spotted a dark marking near the planet's South Pole, and alerted NASA. NASA in turn turned its large infrared telescope in Hawaii onto the scene of the crash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There glowed the thermal footprint of the likely impact, the affected area \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/interactive/2009/jul/21/jupiter-asteroid-comet-hole\">roughly the size of the Earth\u003c/a>. Had this impact taken place on Earth instead, the results would have been catastrophic. Fortunately this was Jupiter, half a billion miles away and large enough to absorb the impact without lasting effects. (And, owing to the fact that Jupiter is a gaseous planet with no solid surface, it would quickly heal from the trauma, not unlike that liquid-metal Terminator from the second movie of the same name.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A significant event? Yes, in fact. But that's not all... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind 15 years to July 20th, 1994, the middle of the week during which twenty-something fragments of the broken \u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/archive/sl9/sl9.html\">comet Shoemaker-Levy 9\u003c/a> were in fact colliding with Jupiter... An amazing coincidence? Yes; the two events likely have nothing to do with each other. So, then, a common event, if we're seeing two of them in the span of only 15 years? Well... not really.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the string of fragments of Shoemaker-Levy 9 hailed down on Jupiter, it was the first time in history that humans had observed actual impacts on a Solar System body (other than perhaps the Sun--but as it turns out comets hitting that huge target are not uncommon). The Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts, and the one on July 20th this year, left highly visible marks that lasted for days. The amateur astronomer who discovered the recent scar did so with a relatively small 14.5\" backyard telescope! So, if this sort of impact were a common event, even if the impacting comets or asteroids were never seen, the gashes they leave in Jupiter's atmosphere ought to be spotted from time to time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impacts—on Jupiter, Earth, and all the bodies of the Solar System—do occur, and the smaller the impacting object, the more frequently they happen. For a \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/target.html\">planet like Earth\u003c/a>, on average a chunk of rock a few meters across \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/25/asteroid-apophis-hit-or-miss/\">enters our atmosphere \u003c/a>about once a year, and often burns up completely or explodes before hitting the ground. A 50 meter object, again on average, is likely to \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/30jun_tunguska.htm\">strike Earth once in a century\u003c/a>. A one-kilometer object impact averages every few hundred thousand years, and a multi-kilometer sized asteroid or comet similar to the one that wiped out the dinosaurs and which would cause global catastrophe—well, the last one of that size struck ground 65 million years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Jupiter, being a larger target than Earth, having a much stronger gravitational pull, and being close to the asteroid belt—well, Jupiter's impact statistics should probably involve higher frequencies than Earth.\u003cbr>\nIn fact, impacts like the one on July 20th are happy events for us; every time Jupiter is hit by a large object, that's one less object in the Solar System that could potentially hit the Earth in the future. So, on July 20th, Jupiter took another bullet for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3225/jupiter-nuked-by-comet-again","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_136","quest_242","quest_658","quest_1453","quest_1551","quest_2622"],"label":"quest"},"quest_416":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_416","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"416","score":null,"sort":[1202760789000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"where-in-the-web","title":"Where in the web?","publishDate":1202760789,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/cassini.jpg\">\u003cem>Saturn's moon Epimetheus from the Cassini spacecraft.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA\u003cbr>\nand APOD.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the bus in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/dena/\">Denali National Park\u003c/a> a few years ago, I found myself sitting next a couple from the East Bay. If you’ve ever been on the Denali bus, you know that it’s a long ride and it was just a matter of time before we struck up a conversation. As often happens, we wound up talking about work and then about astronomy research. Both of them were very interested in the field but were unsure of where to find good information on the web. At the time, I hadn’t really thought about that and wasn’t much help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that I’m writing for QUEST, I am much better suited to answer them. I spend a lot of time surfing the web for images and links to websites to provide the full details for readers who want to follow up on my posts. Over the course of a year or so, I’ve discovered quite a few resources and have settled on a few favorites. Of course, being a Berkeley and Cornell grad, I have a few biases…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, it is common for a university astronomy department to organize a public outreach campaign. I won’t bother with the obvious disclaimers and instead will just say that two of my favorites are “\u003ca href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/\">Ask an Astronomer\u003c/a>” at Cornell University and the \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/\">Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two sites are quite different. As the name implies, the Cornell site encourages questions and suggestions from readers. The content of the site is therefore governed by the public, covering a wide variety of topics in fairly brief, straightforward language. The Berkeley site is much more structured. They cover the history of cosmology and outline the history of our universe with all the appropriate \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/cosmology.html\">links\u003c/a> (scroll down to see the links). This provides a very detailed and organized explanation of a specific field of astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to universities, there are quite a few NASA missions that maintain excellent public relations. Almost everyone knows the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Mars Rovers\u003c/a>. Both sites are updated almost daily with galleries, discoveries, and recent news. NASA also has several other large missions at other wavelengths that are probably not as well known. Three examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/pub.html\">Chandra\u003c/a> X-ray observatory, the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WMAP\u003c/a> mission, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer\u003c/a> infrared observatory. Like the Hubble and Rover sites, these space-based observatories perform ground-breaking science and do an excellent job explaining their discoveries to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides QUEST, there are also quite a few other excellent blogs out there. Each site has a different approach and finds its own balance between astronomy coverage, opinion, and discussion of general science. One of the most popular is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.badastronomy.com/\">Bad Astro\u003c/a> site--we even have a link on the right hand side of the QUEST blog web page. You can also check out About.com's \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/computerresources/tp/blogsastrospace.htm\">top ten space and astronomy blogs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, one obvious place to learn about astronomy is from journalists. Two websites that do a very good job of covering the field are \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/\">Space.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/home.ns\">New Scientist\u003c/a> (some content requires subscription).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, if you enjoy beautiful images of the sky, a great place to look is the “\u003ca href=\"http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html\">Astronomy Picture of the Day\u003c/a>.\" This is where I got my image for today. If you look tomorrow you’re guaranteed to find something just as exciting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1202760789,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":627},"headData":{"title":"Where in the web? | KQED","description":"Saturn's moon Epimetheus from the Cassini spacecraft. Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA and APOD. On the bus in Denali National Park a few years ago, I found myself sitting next a couple from the East Bay. If you’ve ever been on the Denali bus, you know that it’s a long ride and","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Where in the web?","datePublished":"2008-02-11T20:13:09.000Z","dateModified":"2008-02-11T20:13:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"416 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/02/11/where-in-the-web/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/11/where-in-the-web/","disqusTitle":"Where in the web?","path":"/quest/416/where-in-the-web","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/cassini.jpg\">\u003cem>Saturn's moon Epimetheus from the Cassini spacecraft.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA\u003cbr>\nand APOD.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the bus in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/dena/\">Denali National Park\u003c/a> a few years ago, I found myself sitting next a couple from the East Bay. If you’ve ever been on the Denali bus, you know that it’s a long ride and it was just a matter of time before we struck up a conversation. As often happens, we wound up talking about work and then about astronomy research. Both of them were very interested in the field but were unsure of where to find good information on the web. At the time, I hadn’t really thought about that and wasn’t much help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that I’m writing for QUEST, I am much better suited to answer them. I spend a lot of time surfing the web for images and links to websites to provide the full details for readers who want to follow up on my posts. Over the course of a year or so, I’ve discovered quite a few resources and have settled on a few favorites. Of course, being a Berkeley and Cornell grad, I have a few biases…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, it is common for a university astronomy department to organize a public outreach campaign. I won’t bother with the obvious disclaimers and instead will just say that two of my favorites are “\u003ca href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/\">Ask an Astronomer\u003c/a>” at Cornell University and the \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/\">Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two sites are quite different. As the name implies, the Cornell site encourages questions and suggestions from readers. The content of the site is therefore governed by the public, covering a wide variety of topics in fairly brief, straightforward language. The Berkeley site is much more structured. They cover the history of cosmology and outline the history of our universe with all the appropriate \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/cosmology.html\">links\u003c/a> (scroll down to see the links). This provides a very detailed and organized explanation of a specific field of astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to universities, there are quite a few NASA missions that maintain excellent public relations. Almost everyone knows the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Mars Rovers\u003c/a>. Both sites are updated almost daily with galleries, discoveries, and recent news. NASA also has several other large missions at other wavelengths that are probably not as well known. Three examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/pub.html\">Chandra\u003c/a> X-ray observatory, the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WMAP\u003c/a> mission, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer\u003c/a> infrared observatory. Like the Hubble and Rover sites, these space-based observatories perform ground-breaking science and do an excellent job explaining their discoveries to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides QUEST, there are also quite a few other excellent blogs out there. Each site has a different approach and finds its own balance between astronomy coverage, opinion, and discussion of general science. One of the most popular is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.badastronomy.com/\">Bad Astro\u003c/a> site--we even have a link on the right hand side of the QUEST blog web page. You can also check out About.com's \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/computerresources/tp/blogsastrospace.htm\">top ten space and astronomy blogs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, one obvious place to learn about astronomy is from journalists. Two websites that do a very good job of covering the field are \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/\">Space.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/home.ns\">New Scientist\u003c/a> (some content requires subscription).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, if you enjoy beautiful images of the sky, a great place to look is the “\u003ca href=\"http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html\">Astronomy Picture of the Day\u003c/a>.\" This is where I got my image for today. If you look tomorrow you’re guaranteed to find something just as exciting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/416/where-in-the-web","authors":["10185"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_242","quest_13192","quest_548","quest_802","quest_1406","quest_1546","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2762","quest_3176"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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