The Juno Mission: Interview With NASA Scientist Dr. Bill Cooke
Yo GAMMA GAMMA: Photo plates enable astronomers to peer back to the future
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Huppert","firstName":"David","lastName":"Huppert","slug":"davidhuppert","email":"dhuppert@unctv.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"As a producer/reporter for UNC-TV, David Huppert has spent the last 6 years immersing himself in the Old North State's culture and folklore, consuming as much of state's rich legacy (and barbecue) as possible.\r\n\r\nDavid returns to UNC-TV after a one-year hiatus in NYC where he produced for CBS This Morning. 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Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though NASA is no longer in the business of deploying manned-missions to outer space, they continue to explore the cosmos in ways that have never before been possible. Their next target is Earth's bigger, gassier neighbor: Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 5, 2011 the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\u003c/a> in conjunction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swri.org/\">Southwest Research Institute\u003c/a> launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/juno/\">Juno mission\u003c/a>, which NASA says will, \"improve our understanding of the solar system’s beginnings by revealing the origin and evolution of Jupiter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a pretty big deal in the world of astrophysics. NASA scientists theorize they will be able to determine the origin of The Giant Planet, \"and thereby the solar system\" by measuring the amount of water and ammonia in Jupiter's atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio explains the significance of the mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Jupiter is the Rosetta Stone of our solar system. It is by far the oldest planet, contains more material than all the other planets, asteroids and comets combined, and carries deep inside it the story of not only the solar system but of us. Juno is going there as our emissary -- to interpret what Jupiter has to say.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists will have to wait a few years to test their theories. Even though Juno is traveling at a relative speed of over 13,000 miles an hour, it is not scheduled to reach its final destination until July 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the ride to Jupiter is not exactly a clear path. Juno will face many obstacles - including large mentors - that can potentially derail the $1.1 billion project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, scientists can rely on old \"maps,\" or astro-photographic images of the night sky to plan a flight path that will steer the spacecraft away from debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, says the astro-photographic plates housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\">Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI)\u003c/a> contributed directly to the success of the Juno mission;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juno, for example, in order for it to be successful they have to design it. And one of the things they have to design it for is to protect it from meteoroids out in space. Well we never measured meteoroids around Jupiter, because we don't go there very often, right? So we have to take what we've learned here at Earth to help us design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter and those negatives [at the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive] helped formulate the model we used to design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke is referring to a collection of nearly 150,000 old astro-photographic plates and film known as APDA, or the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive. The APDA collection is stored at PARI's secure facility in Western North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke became aware of the collection a few years ago and has quickly become on of its biggest advocates:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The photo archive which contains a lot of the photographs that form the basis of modern meteor science are housed … at ADPA. They collected them from around the country, but those old photographs, that data, formed the basis for everything we know now in regards to meteors. So it's kind of like visiting a treasure trove of ancient data. The great hieroglyphic inscriptions out there in APDA.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27416\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640-300x167.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"apda-juno-plate640\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27416\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brendan Fallon of the American Meteor Society examines film in the APDA collection.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The connection between APDA and the Juno mission came full orbit during this year's annual NASA Fireball Workshop, which took place at PARI's Rosman, North Carolina campus. Attendees were able to watch the Juno launch and then walk into the archives to hold the original pieces of film that helped Juno's engineers develop a safe flight path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By relying on old astronomical plates and film - some of which date over 100 years old - today's astronomers can safely stand on the shoulders of their predecessors and reach for the stars, without fear of being knocked down by meteors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info check out NASA's website for the JUNO mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>twitter: \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/NASAJuno\">@NASAJuno\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\">http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What's old, is new again. Dr. Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, discusses how the historical astro-photographic plates at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) contribute to the new Juno mission to Jupiter.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1321558908,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":761},"headData":{"title":"The Juno Mission: Interview With NASA Scientist Dr. Bill Cooke | KQED","description":"What's old, is new again. Dr. Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, discusses how the historical astro-photographic plates at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) contribute to the new Juno mission to Jupiter.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27396 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=27396","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/the-juno-mission-interview-with-nasa-scientist-dr-bill-cooke/","disqusTitle":"The Juno Mission: Interview With NASA Scientist Dr. Bill Cooke","path":"/quest/27396/the-juno-mission-interview-with-nasa-scientist-dr-bill-cooke","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"512c_nightsky_juno_extra\" poster_frame=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno640.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27423\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Juno spacecraft is shown in orbit above Jupiter's colorful clouds in this artist's rendering. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though NASA is no longer in the business of deploying manned-missions to outer space, they continue to explore the cosmos in ways that have never before been possible. Their next target is Earth's bigger, gassier neighbor: Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 5, 2011 the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\u003c/a> in conjunction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swri.org/\">Southwest Research Institute\u003c/a> launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/juno/\">Juno mission\u003c/a>, which NASA says will, \"improve our understanding of the solar system’s beginnings by revealing the origin and evolution of Jupiter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a pretty big deal in the world of astrophysics. NASA scientists theorize they will be able to determine the origin of The Giant Planet, \"and thereby the solar system\" by measuring the amount of water and ammonia in Jupiter's atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio explains the significance of the mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Jupiter is the Rosetta Stone of our solar system. It is by far the oldest planet, contains more material than all the other planets, asteroids and comets combined, and carries deep inside it the story of not only the solar system but of us. Juno is going there as our emissary -- to interpret what Jupiter has to say.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists will have to wait a few years to test their theories. Even though Juno is traveling at a relative speed of over 13,000 miles an hour, it is not scheduled to reach its final destination until July 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the ride to Jupiter is not exactly a clear path. Juno will face many obstacles - including large mentors - that can potentially derail the $1.1 billion project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, scientists can rely on old \"maps,\" or astro-photographic images of the night sky to plan a flight path that will steer the spacecraft away from debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, says the astro-photographic plates housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\">Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI)\u003c/a> contributed directly to the success of the Juno mission;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juno, for example, in order for it to be successful they have to design it. And one of the things they have to design it for is to protect it from meteoroids out in space. Well we never measured meteoroids around Jupiter, because we don't go there very often, right? So we have to take what we've learned here at Earth to help us design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter and those negatives [at the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive] helped formulate the model we used to design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke is referring to a collection of nearly 150,000 old astro-photographic plates and film known as APDA, or the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive. The APDA collection is stored at PARI's secure facility in Western North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke became aware of the collection a few years ago and has quickly become on of its biggest advocates:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The photo archive which contains a lot of the photographs that form the basis of modern meteor science are housed … at ADPA. They collected them from around the country, but those old photographs, that data, formed the basis for everything we know now in regards to meteors. So it's kind of like visiting a treasure trove of ancient data. The great hieroglyphic inscriptions out there in APDA.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27416\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640-300x167.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"apda-juno-plate640\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27416\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brendan Fallon of the American Meteor Society examines film in the APDA collection.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The connection between APDA and the Juno mission came full orbit during this year's annual NASA Fireball Workshop, which took place at PARI's Rosman, North Carolina campus. Attendees were able to watch the Juno launch and then walk into the archives to hold the original pieces of film that helped Juno's engineers develop a safe flight path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By relying on old astronomical plates and film - some of which date over 100 years old - today's astronomers can safely stand on the shoulders of their predecessors and reach for the stars, without fear of being knocked down by meteors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info check out NASA's website for the JUNO mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>twitter: \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/NASAJuno\">@NASAJuno\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\">http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27396/the-juno-mission-interview-with-nasa-scientist-dr-bill-cooke","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_10426","quest_13192","quest_10459","quest_3351","quest_1918","quest_10357","quest_2141","quest_10356","quest_2187","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_10363"],"featImg":"quest_27403","label":"quest"},"quest_27142":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27142","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27142","score":null,"sort":[1320791562000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"yo-gamma-gamma-photo-plates-enable-astronomers-to-peer-back-to-the-future","title":"Yo GAMMA GAMMA: Photo plates enable astronomers to peer back to the future","publishDate":1320791562,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gamma-blog640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gamma-blog640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27144\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Michael Catelaz at work on the GAMMA II imaging machine, at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) in North Carolina.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael Castelaz, the Science Director at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute, knows GAMMA II is a sleeping giant. He just needs a little help waking up the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GAMMA II and its sister, GAMMA I, are legendary imaging machines that were used to create the 19-million strong Guide Star Catalogue for the \u003ca href=\"http://hubble.nasa.gov/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> (HST). Think of the Guide Star Catalogue as a souped-up GPS, enabling the Hubble to set its scope on stars thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/hst/%20\">Space Telescope Science Institute at Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a> announced it was retiring the image-makers after nearly 20 years of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news swept across the astronomy community and Castelaz and his colleagues at PARI jumped at the opportunity to bring the GAMMA machines to their Western North Carolina campus and reconfigure them for a new cataloging gig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s old, but it’s still state of the art. It’s incredible what was done in terms of designing these instruments and getting them going,” Michael Castelaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why bring this beast to PARI? PARI houses a collection of old photographic plates known as the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive, or APDA. Those analog plates contain invaluable data of the night sky, but are not easy to share and use. Catelaz and ADPA director Thurburn Barker believe the re-commissioned GAMMA II can help convert those plates– some of which date back to the 1890s – into new digital maps for future astronomers. The maps will unlock data on thousands of unclassified stars known to exist in the APDA collection that can then be cataloged by their size, temperature and distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is the space capsule, Mercury. We want to turn it into the Starship Enterprise.”\u003cbr>\n-- Dr. Michael Castelaz, re: the GAMMA II imaging machine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When PARI finally obtained the machines they were in pieces: three-tons of granite and lasers awaiting their next mission. The sheer mass of the machines was intended to absorb vibrations from the floor as well the Earth. In order to effectively serve the Hubble, GAMMA precisely mapped stars down to the exact micron. That’s a thousandth of a millimeter to you and me. Castelaz and his cohort eventually reassembled GAMMA II and got all the electronics up and running. However, do to the jerry-rigging and hand-written code used to reconfigure the original machine, they have not been able to recreate the imaging capacity … yet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as PARI can get GAMMA humming, the APDA collection will no longer be a black hole. The meticulous work by generations of astronomers will be ushered into the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century, bringing analog data back to the future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dr. Michael Castelaz, the Science Director at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute, knows GAMMA II is a sleeping giant. He just needs a little help waking up the beast.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325108635,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":492},"headData":{"title":"Yo GAMMA GAMMA: Photo plates enable astronomers to peer back to the future | KQED","description":"Dr. Michael Castelaz, the Science Director at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute, knows GAMMA II is a sleeping giant. He just needs a little help waking up the beast.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27142 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27142","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/08/yo-gamma-gamma-photo-plates-enable-astronomers-to-peer-back-to-the-future/","disqusTitle":"Yo GAMMA GAMMA: Photo plates enable astronomers to peer back to the future","path":"/quest/27142/yo-gamma-gamma-photo-plates-enable-astronomers-to-peer-back-to-the-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gamma-blog640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gamma-blog640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27144\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Michael Catelaz at work on the GAMMA II imaging machine, at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) in North Carolina.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael Castelaz, the Science Director at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute, knows GAMMA II is a sleeping giant. He just needs a little help waking up the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GAMMA II and its sister, GAMMA I, are legendary imaging machines that were used to create the 19-million strong Guide Star Catalogue for the \u003ca href=\"http://hubble.nasa.gov/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> (HST). Think of the Guide Star Catalogue as a souped-up GPS, enabling the Hubble to set its scope on stars thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/hst/%20\">Space Telescope Science Institute at Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a> announced it was retiring the image-makers after nearly 20 years of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news swept across the astronomy community and Castelaz and his colleagues at PARI jumped at the opportunity to bring the GAMMA machines to their Western North Carolina campus and reconfigure them for a new cataloging gig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s old, but it’s still state of the art. It’s incredible what was done in terms of designing these instruments and getting them going,” Michael Castelaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why bring this beast to PARI? PARI houses a collection of old photographic plates known as the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive, or APDA. Those analog plates contain invaluable data of the night sky, but are not easy to share and use. Catelaz and ADPA director Thurburn Barker believe the re-commissioned GAMMA II can help convert those plates– some of which date back to the 1890s – into new digital maps for future astronomers. The maps will unlock data on thousands of unclassified stars known to exist in the APDA collection that can then be cataloged by their size, temperature and distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is the space capsule, Mercury. We want to turn it into the Starship Enterprise.”\u003cbr>\n-- Dr. Michael Castelaz, re: the GAMMA II imaging machine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When PARI finally obtained the machines they were in pieces: three-tons of granite and lasers awaiting their next mission. The sheer mass of the machines was intended to absorb vibrations from the floor as well the Earth. In order to effectively serve the Hubble, GAMMA precisely mapped stars down to the exact micron. That’s a thousandth of a millimeter to you and me. Castelaz and his cohort eventually reassembled GAMMA II and got all the electronics up and running. However, do to the jerry-rigging and hand-written code used to reconfigure the original machine, they have not been able to recreate the imaging capacity … yet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as PARI can get GAMMA humming, the APDA collection will no longer be a black hole. The meticulous work by generations of astronomers will be ushered into the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century, bringing analog data back to the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27142/yo-gamma-gamma-photo-plates-enable-astronomers-to-peer-back-to-the-future","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_10426","quest_13192","quest_10428","quest_1402","quest_1406","quest_3351","quest_10357","quest_2141","quest_10356","quest_10366","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_10427","quest_10363"],"featImg":"quest_27144","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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