Producer's Notes: Science on the SPOT Revisiting Albino Redwoods
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Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"},"chris-bauer":{"type":"authors","id":"10169","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10169","found":true},"name":"Chris Bauer","firstName":"Chris","lastName":"Bauer","slug":"chris-bauer","email":"cbauer@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Chris Bauer is a Freelance Media Producer with over 20 years experience working in broadcast television; producing sports, history, technology, science, environment and adventure related programming. He is a two-time winner of the international Society of Environmental Journalists Award for Outstanding Television Story and has received multiple Northern California Emmy Awards. Some of his Quest stories have been featured in the San Francisco Ocean Film Festival, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, United Nations Association Film Festival, the BLUE Ocean Film Festival and the Environmental Film Festival in Washington DC. A 5th generation Bay Area resident and a graduate of St. Mary's College of California, his hobbies include canoeing, snowboarding, wood-working and trying to play the ukulele. He and his family live in Alameda, CA.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d606424d49e072570290f2ab542490b0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Chris Bauer | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d606424d49e072570290f2ab542490b0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d606424d49e072570290f2ab542490b0?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/chris-bauer"},"jennifer-skene":{"type":"authors","id":"10200","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10200","found":true},"name":"Jennifer Skene","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Skene","slug":"jennifer-skene","email":"jen@skene.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jennifer Skene develops curriculum on climate change and ocean sciences at the Lawrence Hall of Science and teaches biology and science communication at Mills College and the University of California Berkeley. She has a degree in biology from Brown University and a Ph.D. in Integrative Biology from UC Berkeley. She started working with QUEST in 2008 as an intern. She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_12636":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12636","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12636","score":null,"sort":[1300125606000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"secretive-openness","title":"Secretive Openness","publishDate":1300125606,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 560px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/AlbinoBranch3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"402\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>It'll be a long time before scientists figure out why this branch is white.\u003cbr>And even longer before the public finds out.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any place to check in for updates on this research?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Jordan asked this question on Chris Bauer’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-admin/post.php?action=edit&post=12636\">blog\u003c/a> about figuring out the genetics of redwood albinism. Unfortunately, the answer is that there really isn’t any place to see how the research is going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because science is this weird combination of secrecy and openness. Research projects start out as proprietary but once finished, they become open source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that no results will be released until a good chunk of the research is done and it has been published in a peer-reviewed journal. This usually takes a year or more and albino redwoods will probably take even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is simple caution on the part of scientists. No one wants to release results so early that that they have to retract them later. Like everyone else, scientists don’t like to be proven wrong in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this only explains not communicating \u003cem>preliminary \u003c/em>results. Once a result is pretty solid, it should be OK to broadcast publicly. Except that it still isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the fault of many of the scientists doing the research. I remember wanting to shout my latest results from the mountaintops as soon as I got them. Lots of scientists I have talked to feel the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem has more to do with how science is funded. It simply isn’t designed to allow incremental progress to become public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists rely on the federal government for most of their funding. The NIH, NSF, DOE, and a few other agencies supply the lion’s share of research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labs are awarded these grants based on the work they have done. There is absolutely no incentive for sharing their work early. In fact, sharing work too soon can cost you grant money and maybe even (eventually) your lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/Graveyard2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The graveyard of the scientific careers of those scientists who released their data too soon. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unrelated_Tombstone.jpg\">Corpse Reviver.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be credible, scientific results must be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This is the “coin of the realm” in the scientific world. To succeed as a scientist, you need lots of these in the top journals and of course, successful scientists are the ones who get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These journals frown on releasing data before that data can make a big splash for their journal. This forces scientists to not release information to the general public (although they can talk about it at some point at scientific meetings). To keep from perishing, scientists need to keep their results under wraps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but scientists are not above stealing someone’s data and using it to get to the full story first. Smaller labs in particular are vulnerable to this sort of predation. Again, this forces scientists to keep their results to themselves rather than broadcasting it far and wide. Otherwise, they’ll have nothing to show for their work and they won’t get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to overcome these barriers and get results presented to the public in a more timely manner would be to change how science gets funded. Make it so there is lots of money to go around so that scientists will get money whether their lab makes the breakthrough or someone else uses your preliminary results to make the breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this won’t happen. For one thing, you wouldn’t be able to screen out the bad and/or lazy scientists nor reward the true go-getters. And besides, there are already way too many labs chasing way too few grants. Given that our government is sliding into insolvency, it is very unlikely that they will throw any more money at science so the public can get information any sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new way to fund science also wouldn’t change other aspects that keep our current system in place. For example, many scientists like to get a result first and beat the other guys. No funding tweaks are going to change this competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like we’ll have to stick with the current way that science is set up. It has done a great job of explaining our world and how it works. We just need to be patient and wait for the findings to eventually be released. As soon as they are, I’ll update you right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It will take a long time for scientists to figure out why those redwoods in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park are albino. And because of the way science is set up, it will take the public even longer to find out the answer.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1300125606,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":782},"headData":{"title":"Secretive Openness | KQED","description":"It will take a long time for scientists to figure out why those redwoods in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park are albino. And because of the way science is set up, it will take the public even longer to find out the answer.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"12636 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/03/14/secretive-openness/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/14/secretive-openness/","disqusTitle":"Secretive Openness","path":"/quest/12636/secretive-openness","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 560px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/AlbinoBranch3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"402\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>It'll be a long time before scientists figure out why this branch is white.\u003cbr>And even longer before the public finds out.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any place to check in for updates on this research?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Jordan asked this question on Chris Bauer’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-admin/post.php?action=edit&post=12636\">blog\u003c/a> about figuring out the genetics of redwood albinism. Unfortunately, the answer is that there really isn’t any place to see how the research is going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because science is this weird combination of secrecy and openness. Research projects start out as proprietary but once finished, they become open source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that no results will be released until a good chunk of the research is done and it has been published in a peer-reviewed journal. This usually takes a year or more and albino redwoods will probably take even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is simple caution on the part of scientists. No one wants to release results so early that that they have to retract them later. Like everyone else, scientists don’t like to be proven wrong in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this only explains not communicating \u003cem>preliminary \u003c/em>results. Once a result is pretty solid, it should be OK to broadcast publicly. Except that it still isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the fault of many of the scientists doing the research. I remember wanting to shout my latest results from the mountaintops as soon as I got them. Lots of scientists I have talked to feel the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem has more to do with how science is funded. It simply isn’t designed to allow incremental progress to become public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists rely on the federal government for most of their funding. The NIH, NSF, DOE, and a few other agencies supply the lion’s share of research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labs are awarded these grants based on the work they have done. There is absolutely no incentive for sharing their work early. In fact, sharing work too soon can cost you grant money and maybe even (eventually) your lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/Graveyard2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The graveyard of the scientific careers of those scientists who released their data too soon. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unrelated_Tombstone.jpg\">Corpse Reviver.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be credible, scientific results must be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This is the “coin of the realm” in the scientific world. To succeed as a scientist, you need lots of these in the top journals and of course, successful scientists are the ones who get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These journals frown on releasing data before that data can make a big splash for their journal. This forces scientists to not release information to the general public (although they can talk about it at some point at scientific meetings). To keep from perishing, scientists need to keep their results under wraps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but scientists are not above stealing someone’s data and using it to get to the full story first. Smaller labs in particular are vulnerable to this sort of predation. Again, this forces scientists to keep their results to themselves rather than broadcasting it far and wide. Otherwise, they’ll have nothing to show for their work and they won’t get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to overcome these barriers and get results presented to the public in a more timely manner would be to change how science gets funded. Make it so there is lots of money to go around so that scientists will get money whether their lab makes the breakthrough or someone else uses your preliminary results to make the breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this won’t happen. For one thing, you wouldn’t be able to screen out the bad and/or lazy scientists nor reward the true go-getters. And besides, there are already way too many labs chasing way too few grants. Given that our government is sliding into insolvency, it is very unlikely that they will throw any more money at science so the public can get information any sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new way to fund science also wouldn’t change other aspects that keep our current system in place. For example, many scientists like to get a result first and beat the other guys. No funding tweaks are going to change this competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like we’ll have to stick with the current way that science is set up. It has done a great job of explaining our world and how it works. We just need to be patient and wait for the findings to eventually be released. As soon as they are, I’ll update you right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12636/secretive-openness","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_3445","quest_848","quest_1900","quest_2073","quest_3722","quest_3723","quest_2395","quest_3752","quest_2543"],"featImg":"quest_10340","label":"quest"},"quest_12543":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12543","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12543","score":null,"sort":[1298917246000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"redwood-regeneration","title":"Redwood Regeneration","publishDate":1298917246,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Redwood Regeneration | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":3353,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/redwood2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This redwood, in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park near Santa Cruz, might be genetically identical to some of its neighbors. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/with/446543016/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST has an inordinate fondness for albino \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/education/coastredwood.shtml\">redwoods\u003c/a>. It all started with the Science on the SPOT video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-albino-redwoods-ghosts-of-the-forest\">Albino Redwoods, Ghosts of the Forest\u003c/a>. Then there was a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/12/albinoredwoodradio/\">radio story\u003c/a>, and a few \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/22/ghostbusters/\">blog posts\u003c/a>. And last week QUEST revisited the research in two new Science on the SPOT videos about the ghosts of the forest. The video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods-cracking-the-code\">Revisiting Albino Redwoods, Cracking the Code\u003c/a> focuses on QUEST blogger Barry Star and Stanford professor Ghia Euskirchen’s research on how the albinos are genetically different from “normal” coast redwoods. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods-biological-mystery\">Revisiting Albino Redwoods, Biological Mystery\u003c/a>, Santa Cruz Professor Jarmila Pitterman wonders how albino redwoods’ total lack of chlorophyll affects their physiology and ecology. After producing all these videos, QUEST Producer Chris Bauer still had questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris saw three albino redwoods, arranged in a straight line, a short distance from one another. He wondered if these three redwoods, yards apart, might be genetically identical. Maybe they sprung from the same individual. To understand how this is even possible, you need to know about the numerous ways that redwoods can reproduce—some of which involve cloning themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New redwood trees can come about in four ways: through seeds, cuttings, stump sprouts, and root sprouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all plants, redwoods can grow from seeds. Redwood seeds come from those tiny, inch-long redwood \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone\">cones\u003c/a> that fall from the branches in autumn. Each cone contains one to two dozen tiny seeds. These seeds were fertilized with redwood pollen; they are mix of genetic material from the parent that made the seed and the parent that made the pollen. However, redwood seeds have a notoriously low germination rate. Hardly any of them will grow into a plant. Which brings us to the next method of redwood tree generation: cuttings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees that you buy from a nursery probably began as cuttings—branches that were cut from a tree. To make \u003ca href=\"http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/native_plants_journal/v009/9.1.luna.html\">a good redwood cutting\u003c/a>, horticulturists will cut a branch from a young tree, or sapling, because cuttings from young trees tend to survive better. They treat the cutting with hormones to encourage growth, and plant the cutting in a special blend of soils. After a few months, about 25-35% of the cuttings have formed roots; the others do not survive. Once the cuttings have established, they can grow quite quickly—up to 7 feet in height in a single growing season. Regeneration from existing branches doesn’t just happen in the nursery—it happens in nature too. When a branch falls off a redwood tree, say in a storm, the branch can come in contact with the soil and develop roots. These provide the branch with nutrients and water, and before long the branch has grown into a tree. Trees grown from cuttings or from branches are genetically identical of the tree that donated the branch. (For the same reason, California’s vineyards are very low in genetic diversity; see this \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/25wine.html\">article\u003c/a> in the New York Times.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/redwood_stump_sprouts2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cem>Stump sprouts on a coast redwood. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/with/446543016/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many a majestic redwood tree began as a stump sprout. Stump sprouts are tiny growths from the base of existing trees. They can grow out of a healthy tree, or a tree that has been logged or damaged by fire. Redwoods have extensive underground root systems, which are impervious to trifling things like lumberjacks’ axes and fire. Trees that grow from stumps grow quickly and have a good chance of success, because the trees are automatically connected to a large root system. Multiple stump sprouts from a single trunk form what is called a fairy ring: a ring of trees, with a circular clearing in the middle, because the original tree breaks down. Stump sprouts are generally genetic clones of the original tree. However, the albino redwoods are stump sprouts with a mutation (or two, or three…). The genomic research happening Stanford will hopefully shed some light on how this mutation happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/redwood_fairy_ring_swiv2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cem>A fairy ring. The ring of trees has sprouted from the moss-covered trunk in the middle. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/swiv/4306308802/\">Swiv\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods don’t just sprout from stumps; they can also sprout new growth from their roots. Redwood roots extend horizontally under the soil. Many redwoods live in flood-prone ecosystems, on the banks of rivers. When redwood forests become flooded, sediment piles up on the surface of the soil, burying the roots a bit deeper than they were before. Redwoods will grow another set of horizontal roots, a little closer to the surface. By digging deep into the ground and counting the horizontal layers of roots, people can tell how many floods a redwood has endured. When new growth sprouts from the surface roots, the original tree soon has a neighbor that is basically an identical twin. This is what Chris thinks is going on with the three albino redwoods, all in a row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully Chris can test his hypothesis in a year or two, when the redwood genome is sequenced and we know what mutation (or mutations) cause albinism. Are the three neighboring albino redwoods mutants that sprung from genetically identical trees? Maybe that tree’s genotype is just a little different from that of an albino—and the mutation that causes albinism is very likely to occur. Or maybe the three albinos are a series of chlorophyll-free coincidences. We’ll have to wait patiently for the genome data. But, for a coast redwood that can live for 2,000 years, the wait won’t be long at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.040928 -122.065315\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"QUEST has an inordinate fondness for albino redwoods. But after producing three videos, QUEST Producer Chris Bauer still had questions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974499,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":956},"headData":{"title":"Redwood Regeneration | KQED","description":"QUEST has an inordinate fondness for albino redwoods. But after producing three videos, QUEST Producer Chris Bauer still had questions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/12543/redwood-regeneration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/redwood2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This redwood, in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park near Santa Cruz, might be genetically identical to some of its neighbors. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/with/446543016/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST has an inordinate fondness for albino \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/education/coastredwood.shtml\">redwoods\u003c/a>. It all started with the Science on the SPOT video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-albino-redwoods-ghosts-of-the-forest\">Albino Redwoods, Ghosts of the Forest\u003c/a>. Then there was a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/12/albinoredwoodradio/\">radio story\u003c/a>, and a few \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/22/ghostbusters/\">blog posts\u003c/a>. And last week QUEST revisited the research in two new Science on the SPOT videos about the ghosts of the forest. The video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods-cracking-the-code\">Revisiting Albino Redwoods, Cracking the Code\u003c/a> focuses on QUEST blogger Barry Star and Stanford professor Ghia Euskirchen’s research on how the albinos are genetically different from “normal” coast redwoods. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods-biological-mystery\">Revisiting Albino Redwoods, Biological Mystery\u003c/a>, Santa Cruz Professor Jarmila Pitterman wonders how albino redwoods’ total lack of chlorophyll affects their physiology and ecology. After producing all these videos, QUEST Producer Chris Bauer still had questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris saw three albino redwoods, arranged in a straight line, a short distance from one another. He wondered if these three redwoods, yards apart, might be genetically identical. Maybe they sprung from the same individual. To understand how this is even possible, you need to know about the numerous ways that redwoods can reproduce—some of which involve cloning themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New redwood trees can come about in four ways: through seeds, cuttings, stump sprouts, and root sprouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all plants, redwoods can grow from seeds. Redwood seeds come from those tiny, inch-long redwood \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone\">cones\u003c/a> that fall from the branches in autumn. Each cone contains one to two dozen tiny seeds. These seeds were fertilized with redwood pollen; they are mix of genetic material from the parent that made the seed and the parent that made the pollen. However, redwood seeds have a notoriously low germination rate. Hardly any of them will grow into a plant. Which brings us to the next method of redwood tree generation: cuttings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees that you buy from a nursery probably began as cuttings—branches that were cut from a tree. To make \u003ca href=\"http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/native_plants_journal/v009/9.1.luna.html\">a good redwood cutting\u003c/a>, horticulturists will cut a branch from a young tree, or sapling, because cuttings from young trees tend to survive better. They treat the cutting with hormones to encourage growth, and plant the cutting in a special blend of soils. After a few months, about 25-35% of the cuttings have formed roots; the others do not survive. Once the cuttings have established, they can grow quite quickly—up to 7 feet in height in a single growing season. Regeneration from existing branches doesn’t just happen in the nursery—it happens in nature too. When a branch falls off a redwood tree, say in a storm, the branch can come in contact with the soil and develop roots. These provide the branch with nutrients and water, and before long the branch has grown into a tree. Trees grown from cuttings or from branches are genetically identical of the tree that donated the branch. (For the same reason, California’s vineyards are very low in genetic diversity; see this \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/25wine.html\">article\u003c/a> in the New York Times.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/redwood_stump_sprouts2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cem>Stump sprouts on a coast redwood. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/with/446543016/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many a majestic redwood tree began as a stump sprout. Stump sprouts are tiny growths from the base of existing trees. They can grow out of a healthy tree, or a tree that has been logged or damaged by fire. Redwoods have extensive underground root systems, which are impervious to trifling things like lumberjacks’ axes and fire. Trees that grow from stumps grow quickly and have a good chance of success, because the trees are automatically connected to a large root system. Multiple stump sprouts from a single trunk form what is called a fairy ring: a ring of trees, with a circular clearing in the middle, because the original tree breaks down. Stump sprouts are generally genetic clones of the original tree. However, the albino redwoods are stump sprouts with a mutation (or two, or three…). The genomic research happening Stanford will hopefully shed some light on how this mutation happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/redwood_fairy_ring_swiv2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cem>A fairy ring. The ring of trees has sprouted from the moss-covered trunk in the middle. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/swiv/4306308802/\">Swiv\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods don’t just sprout from stumps; they can also sprout new growth from their roots. Redwood roots extend horizontally under the soil. Many redwoods live in flood-prone ecosystems, on the banks of rivers. When redwood forests become flooded, sediment piles up on the surface of the soil, burying the roots a bit deeper than they were before. Redwoods will grow another set of horizontal roots, a little closer to the surface. By digging deep into the ground and counting the horizontal layers of roots, people can tell how many floods a redwood has endured. When new growth sprouts from the surface roots, the original tree soon has a neighbor that is basically an identical twin. This is what Chris thinks is going on with the three albino redwoods, all in a row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully Chris can test his hypothesis in a year or two, when the redwood genome is sequenced and we know what mutation (or mutations) cause albinism. Are the three neighboring albino redwoods mutants that sprung from genetically identical trees? Maybe that tree’s genotype is just a little different from that of an albino—and the mutation that causes albinism is very likely to occur. Or maybe the three albinos are a series of chlorophyll-free coincidences. We’ll have to wait patiently for the genome data. But, for a coast redwood that can live for 2,000 years, the wait won’t be long at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.040928 -122.065315\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12543/redwood-regeneration","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_105","quest_106","quest_3445","quest_107","quest_326","quest_627","quest_628","quest_629","quest_1188","quest_1197","quest_1198","quest_3605","quest_1900","quest_1901","quest_2395","quest_2396"],"collections":["quest_3353"],"featImg":"quest_12546","label":"quest_3353"},"quest_19187":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19187","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19187","score":null,"sort":[1298482537000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods","title":"Producer's Notes: Science on the SPOT Revisiting Albino Redwoods","publishDate":1298482537,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes: Science on the SPOT Revisiting Albino Redwoods | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/AlbinoRedwoods2_300wstripe.jpg\">\u003cem>UC Santa Cruz plant biologist Jarmila Pitterman studies an albino redwood tree\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWhy? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many times do we parents of preschoolers hear that question each day? “WHY do birds fly? WHY does the wind blow? WHY do bees buzz? WHY are trees green? WHY do I have to eat my broccoli?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because I SAID so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“WHY??”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science begins with our curiosity. The first step is to start asking questions, probably most often “Why?” and “How?” And as much as we wish it were different, in science, “because I said so” is never answer enough. You have to back up your case with some proof, or at least some compelling evidence. \u003c!--more-->And even then, your case will likely not be accepted on its face as truth, but tested and re-tested, re-asked and re-proven via a time-tested set of agreed-upon steps. This is known as the Scientific Method: 1) Ask a question. 2) Construct a hypothesis. 3) Experiment. 4) Analyze your results 5) Repeat if necessary and draw your conclusions. 6) Communicate your findings. While we all come into our questions with personal or cultural beliefs, the scientific method attempts to remove the beliefs of the scientist when testing a hypothesis point the way towards a verifiable fact or facts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which, brings us to the rare and unusual \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-albino-redwoods-ghosts-of-the-forest\">albino redwood trees\u003c/a>. We already know the facts about trees, right? We can usually answer the preschooler’s question about why trees are green. But what if the tree is anything but green?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t actually have all the answers to that one. We can hypothesize that these ghosts of the forest must be mutants, and lack chlorophyll. But that’s the easy part. What we don’t know, is WHY they lack chlorophyll, and survive. That’s a trick that few trees anywhere in the world — if any– can pull off. So right now, we’re guessing. And we can do better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what the research scientists at Stanford and UC Santa Cruz are out to discover. Believe it or not, until now the Redwood genome has never been sequenced. Stanford geneticists want to pinpoint the mutation or mutations that cause these trees to be albino. Plant biologists from UC Santa Cruz seek to determine how these trees survive and grow without chlorophyll and its instrumental role in providing energy for the plant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003cstrong>QUEST Science on the SPOT story\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods-cracking-the-code\">“Revisiting Albino Redwoods, Cracking the Code,”\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> we follow Stanford geneticists Ghia Euskirchen and Barry Starr from the redwood forests to the lab as they work to uncover the root of the mutation that causes albinism in redwood trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another \u003cstrong>Science on the SPOT\u003c/strong> installment, \u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods-biological-mystery\">“Revisiting Albino Redwoods, Biological Mystery,”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>we meet UC Santa Cruz plant biologist Jarmila Pitterman and tag along as she and her students study the inner workings of the unusual albino redwoods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story is just beginning. They’re only in step 3 in the process; experimentation. But in time, the redwood genome will be sequenced. We will know where the mutation is. We will know how these albino trees survive and grow. And in the process we may learn things about the genetic heritage of redwood trees. We may learn more about how all redwood trees live and grow. We may learn how redwood trees adapt to things such as disease or climate change. The answers are endless. They are just waiting for someone to ask: why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.0440253 -122.0712299\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Science begins with our curiosity. The first step is to start asking questions, probably most often “Why?” and “How?” And as much as we wish it were different, \"because I said so\" is never enough, as you have to back up your case with some proof, or at least some compelling evidence.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974574,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":609},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Science on the SPOT Revisiting Albino Redwoods | KQED","description":"Science begins with our curiosity. The first step is to start asking questions, probably most often “Why?” and “How?” And as much as we wish it were different, "because I said so" is never enough, as you have to back up your case with some proof, or at least some compelling evidence.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/19187/producers-notes-science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/AlbinoRedwoods2_300wstripe.jpg\">\u003cem>UC Santa Cruz plant biologist Jarmila Pitterman studies an albino redwood tree\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWhy? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many times do we parents of preschoolers hear that question each day? “WHY do birds fly? WHY does the wind blow? WHY do bees buzz? WHY are trees green? WHY do I have to eat my broccoli?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because I SAID so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“WHY??”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science begins with our curiosity. The first step is to start asking questions, probably most often “Why?” and “How?” And as much as we wish it were different, in science, “because I said so” is never answer enough. You have to back up your case with some proof, or at least some compelling evidence. \u003c!--more-->And even then, your case will likely not be accepted on its face as truth, but tested and re-tested, re-asked and re-proven via a time-tested set of agreed-upon steps. This is known as the Scientific Method: 1) Ask a question. 2) Construct a hypothesis. 3) Experiment. 4) Analyze your results 5) Repeat if necessary and draw your conclusions. 6) Communicate your findings. While we all come into our questions with personal or cultural beliefs, the scientific method attempts to remove the beliefs of the scientist when testing a hypothesis point the way towards a verifiable fact or facts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which, brings us to the rare and unusual \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-albino-redwoods-ghosts-of-the-forest\">albino redwood trees\u003c/a>. We already know the facts about trees, right? We can usually answer the preschooler’s question about why trees are green. But what if the tree is anything but green?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t actually have all the answers to that one. We can hypothesize that these ghosts of the forest must be mutants, and lack chlorophyll. But that’s the easy part. What we don’t know, is WHY they lack chlorophyll, and survive. That’s a trick that few trees anywhere in the world — if any– can pull off. So right now, we’re guessing. And we can do better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what the research scientists at Stanford and UC Santa Cruz are out to discover. Believe it or not, until now the Redwood genome has never been sequenced. Stanford geneticists want to pinpoint the mutation or mutations that cause these trees to be albino. Plant biologists from UC Santa Cruz seek to determine how these trees survive and grow without chlorophyll and its instrumental role in providing energy for the plant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003cstrong>QUEST Science on the SPOT story\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods-cracking-the-code\">“Revisiting Albino Redwoods, Cracking the Code,”\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> we follow Stanford geneticists Ghia Euskirchen and Barry Starr from the redwood forests to the lab as they work to uncover the root of the mutation that causes albinism in redwood trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another \u003cstrong>Science on the SPOT\u003c/strong> installment, \u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods-biological-mystery\">“Revisiting Albino Redwoods, Biological Mystery,”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>we meet UC Santa Cruz plant biologist Jarmila Pitterman and tag along as she and her students study the inner workings of the unusual albino redwoods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story is just beginning. They’re only in step 3 in the process; experimentation. But in time, the redwood genome will be sequenced. We will know where the mutation is. We will know how these albino trees survive and grow. And in the process we may learn things about the genetic heritage of redwood trees. We may learn more about how all redwood trees live and grow. We may learn how redwood trees adapt to things such as disease or climate change. The answers are endless. They are just waiting for someone to ask: why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.0440253 -122.0712299\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19187/producers-notes-science-on-the-spot-revisiting-albino-redwoods","authors":["10169"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_3445","quest_3595","quest_3606","quest_3624","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_2395","quest_2771","quest_3808"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. 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