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Jennifer has lived in the San Francisco Bay Area most of her life and she frequently enjoys the eclectic cultural, culinary and outdoor activities available in the area.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/jenniferhuber/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ci>QUEST\u003c/i>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Huber | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jenniferhuber"},"acurry":{"type":"authors","id":"6444","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6444","found":true},"name":"Arwen Curry","firstName":"Arwen","lastName":"Curry","slug":"acurry","email":"acurry@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Arwen Curry is Associate Producer of TV at KQED Science. She comes to KQED from documentary film, and is director of \u003cem>Worlds of Ursula K. Le Guin\u003c/em>, a feature documentary about the influential science fiction writer. She was Associate Producer of the films \u003cem>Regarding Susan Sontag\u003c/em>, \u003cem>American Jerusalem: Jews and the Making of San Francisco\u003c/em>, \u003cem>EAMES: The Architect & The Painter\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Utopia in Four Movements\u003c/em>, and co-produced and directed \u003cem>Stuffed\u003c/em>, a short film about compulsive hoarding. Arwen was editor of the punk magazine \u003cem>Maximum Rock 'n' Roll\u003c/em>, and has been a contributor to Radio Lab and McSweeney’s. She is a Bay Area native and a graduate of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Arwen Curry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/acurry"},"michaeljameswerner":{"type":"authors","id":"10446","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10446","found":true},"name":"Michael James Werner","firstName":"Michael James","lastName":"Werner","slug":"michaeljameswerner","email":"michaeljameswerner@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Michael Werner is an award-winning independent filmmaker, photographer and writer. His work has been featured in/by: The PBS NewsHour, HBO Films, The Associated Press, Earthfix, Oregon Field Guide, KCTS-9 Seattle, Voice of America TV, The World Channel, the U.S. Olympic Committee and the Cannes International Film Festival. In addition he is a former faculty member at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and holds a master’s degree in narrative journalism. In 2010 he spent five weeks exploring the Democratic Republic of the Congo for a documentary project and developed an appreciation for the taste of curried caterpillars.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael James Werner | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaeljameswerner"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17422":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17422","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17422","score":null,"sort":[1416495643000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"darfur-stoves-project","title":"Darfur Stoves Project","publishDate":1416495643,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\"> Amy Miller \u003c/a>and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers \u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, following a series of tribal and political uprisings, the Sudanese government sanctioned violent militias, called the Janjaweed, to destroy entire villages in the western province of Darfur. \u003ca href=\"http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict\">Since then\u003c/a>, a brutal campaign has targeted civilians, killing more than 400,000 people and fundamentally altering their way of life. More than a decade after the beginning of the conflict, 1.4 million people still live in densely populated refugee camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first years of displacement, women had to walk for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. In 2005, the U.S. government approached \u003ca href=\"http://energy.lbl.gov/staff/gadgil/agadgil.html\">Ashok Gadgil\u003c/a>, director of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, in search of a hands-on solution to this devastating problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73070\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73070 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.<br /> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.\u003cbr> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, said Gadgil, he didn’t know how he, as an engineer, could hope to ease the refugee crisis. But when he learned that women in the camps cooked using traditional methods in which their cooking pots sit atop three stones, with a fire burning in the middle, he saw the spark of a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A three-stone fire is the least efficient way to take energy from the fuel wood and turn it into heat into the pot,” said Gadgil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of a typical three-stone fire is 5 to 6 percent. Poor combustion of the wood means that the fire’s chemical energy isn’t transferred to heat, and what heat there is transfers poorly into the pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I figured I should be able to design a stove that should be cheap, should work with their pots, with their fuel, with their cooking style,” he said. “And something that should be at least 25 to 30 percent efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Ken Chow, an engineer at the lab and a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewb-usa.org/\">Engineers Without Borders\u003c/a>, Gadgil designed a stove that requires only a quarter of the wood that a traditional stove burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means they’re not going out every other day,” he said. Instead, the women would need to venture outside of the camps only once a week, since they would be burning less wood to cook the same amount of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration-238x169.jpg\" alt=\"The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\" width=\"238\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gadgil and his team called their invention the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. But changing the stove itself wasn’t enough to ensure efficient cooking in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five things go in to determine the efficiency of a stove in the real world,” said Gadgil. “It’s not just a stove by itself. Get the cook to tend the fire right, make sure that you understand what kind of cooking is going on in what kind of pot, make sure the pot fits well over the stove and oxygen supply is controlled but adequate, and make sure all of that works with the right kind of fuel that’s available locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there was still firewood to be collected outside the camps, fewer trips by the women meant decreased risk of rape. Now that the areas around the camps have largely been deforested, better stoves mean that the women must sell less of their precious food supply to buy wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the team finalized the design in 2009, nearly 40,000 stoves have been distributed to refugees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.potentialenergy.org/\">Potential Energy\u003c/a>, based in Oakland, has taken over the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves Project, and now works with other community organizations to manufacture the stoves and get them to the people who need them. After being shipped to Sudan, the stoves are assembled from simple, lightweight kits in a workshop in Darfur that is staffed entirely by workers who live in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73046 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\" alt=\"Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But fuel efficiency isn’t the only problem with traditional cookstoves, and the problems aren’t unique to Darfur. The U.S. Department of Energy took note of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s success with the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves, and in 2013, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleancookstoves.org/\">a broader global effort to address the harm caused by cookstoves\u003c/a>, came to Gadgil with an even more destructive stove problem long overdue for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three billion people – more than half of the world’s population – eat food prepared on open fires or “biomass” cookstoves. Some, like the stoves traditionally used by the Darfuri women, burn wood. In other parts of the developing world, coal, animal dung, or other fuels are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these materials are burned indoors, they release toxic fumes and dangerous amounts of soot. \u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=270928&fed_org_id=858&SIType=PR&TIMSType=&showCriteria=0&address=nheerl/pubs.html&view=citation&sortBy=pubDateYear&count=100&dateBeginPublishedPresented=01/01/2010\">Every year, about four million people in developing nations, mostly women and children, die of illnesses caused by inhaling the smoke from these fires\u003c/a>. Exposure leads to low birth weight, childhood pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and other serious chronic illnesses. Lower respiratory infections were \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html\">the leading cause of death in low-income countries in 2011\u003c/a> and are predicted to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/projections/en/\">the top cause of death in Africa by 2015\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inefficiency of the stoves also contributes to poverty -- up to seven hours of labor per day, and half of a family’s income, can be expended on firewood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to this devastating human toll, cooking fires contribute greatly to deforestation and climate change. The burning of household biofuels is the second greatest contributor to global warming, second only to motor vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 751px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\" width=\"751\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg 751w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy’s missive was clear: invent a new stove that would produce ten times less pollution than the traditional cookstoves currently in use around the world. To help, the government has funded a state-of-the-art stove-testing laboratory at the lab in Berkeley, where Gadgil and his team of students and engineers are working furiously to cook up a prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gadgil said that he is confident that, at least in the lab, the team will have a new “ultra-clean” stove design built and tested by the fall of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new stoves would cost between $30 and $40 each, he said, and would not require electricity. The stoves are most needed in Asia and Africa, but South and Central American countries also would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to paying for the stove-testing lab, Gadgil has proposed that the energy department should help pay to train engineers from other countries in building and operating similar labs in their own countries. If all goes well, he said, this training should begin in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to elevate global technology on stoves all around the world,” said Gadgil. “World-class science and technology, applied to big and often desperate problems of the people at the base of the global economic pyramid, can help improve their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Since the Darfur crisis began in 2003, women living in the refugee camps walked for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. Now, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have engineered a more efficient wood-burning stove, which is greatly reducing both the women's need for firewood and the threats against them.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442632197,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1239},"headData":{"title":"Darfur Stoves Project | KQED","description":"Since the Darfur crisis began in 2003, women living in the refugee camps walked for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. Now, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have engineered a more efficient wood-burning stove, which is greatly reducing both the women's need for firewood and the threats against them.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17422 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/darfur-stoves-project/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/20/darfur-stoves-project/","disqusTitle":"Darfur Stoves Project","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwV832ofVlI?feature=player_embedded","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","path":"/quest/17422/darfur-stoves-project","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\"> Amy Miller \u003c/a>and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers \u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, following a series of tribal and political uprisings, the Sudanese government sanctioned violent militias, called the Janjaweed, to destroy entire villages in the western province of Darfur. \u003ca href=\"http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict\">Since then\u003c/a>, a brutal campaign has targeted civilians, killing more than 400,000 people and fundamentally altering their way of life. More than a decade after the beginning of the conflict, 1.4 million people still live in densely populated refugee camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first years of displacement, women had to walk for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. In 2005, the U.S. government approached \u003ca href=\"http://energy.lbl.gov/staff/gadgil/agadgil.html\">Ashok Gadgil\u003c/a>, director of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, in search of a hands-on solution to this devastating problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73070\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73070 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.<br /> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.\u003cbr> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, said Gadgil, he didn’t know how he, as an engineer, could hope to ease the refugee crisis. But when he learned that women in the camps cooked using traditional methods in which their cooking pots sit atop three stones, with a fire burning in the middle, he saw the spark of a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A three-stone fire is the least efficient way to take energy from the fuel wood and turn it into heat into the pot,” said Gadgil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of a typical three-stone fire is 5 to 6 percent. Poor combustion of the wood means that the fire’s chemical energy isn’t transferred to heat, and what heat there is transfers poorly into the pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I figured I should be able to design a stove that should be cheap, should work with their pots, with their fuel, with their cooking style,” he said. “And something that should be at least 25 to 30 percent efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Ken Chow, an engineer at the lab and a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewb-usa.org/\">Engineers Without Borders\u003c/a>, Gadgil designed a stove that requires only a quarter of the wood that a traditional stove burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means they’re not going out every other day,” he said. Instead, the women would need to venture outside of the camps only once a week, since they would be burning less wood to cook the same amount of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration-238x169.jpg\" alt=\"The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\" width=\"238\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gadgil and his team called their invention the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. But changing the stove itself wasn’t enough to ensure efficient cooking in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five things go in to determine the efficiency of a stove in the real world,” said Gadgil. “It’s not just a stove by itself. Get the cook to tend the fire right, make sure that you understand what kind of cooking is going on in what kind of pot, make sure the pot fits well over the stove and oxygen supply is controlled but adequate, and make sure all of that works with the right kind of fuel that’s available locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there was still firewood to be collected outside the camps, fewer trips by the women meant decreased risk of rape. Now that the areas around the camps have largely been deforested, better stoves mean that the women must sell less of their precious food supply to buy wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the team finalized the design in 2009, nearly 40,000 stoves have been distributed to refugees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.potentialenergy.org/\">Potential Energy\u003c/a>, based in Oakland, has taken over the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves Project, and now works with other community organizations to manufacture the stoves and get them to the people who need them. After being shipped to Sudan, the stoves are assembled from simple, lightweight kits in a workshop in Darfur that is staffed entirely by workers who live in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73046 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\" alt=\"Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But fuel efficiency isn’t the only problem with traditional cookstoves, and the problems aren’t unique to Darfur. The U.S. Department of Energy took note of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s success with the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves, and in 2013, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleancookstoves.org/\">a broader global effort to address the harm caused by cookstoves\u003c/a>, came to Gadgil with an even more destructive stove problem long overdue for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three billion people – more than half of the world’s population – eat food prepared on open fires or “biomass” cookstoves. Some, like the stoves traditionally used by the Darfuri women, burn wood. In other parts of the developing world, coal, animal dung, or other fuels are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these materials are burned indoors, they release toxic fumes and dangerous amounts of soot. \u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=270928&fed_org_id=858&SIType=PR&TIMSType=&showCriteria=0&address=nheerl/pubs.html&view=citation&sortBy=pubDateYear&count=100&dateBeginPublishedPresented=01/01/2010\">Every year, about four million people in developing nations, mostly women and children, die of illnesses caused by inhaling the smoke from these fires\u003c/a>. Exposure leads to low birth weight, childhood pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and other serious chronic illnesses. Lower respiratory infections were \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html\">the leading cause of death in low-income countries in 2011\u003c/a> and are predicted to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/projections/en/\">the top cause of death in Africa by 2015\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inefficiency of the stoves also contributes to poverty -- up to seven hours of labor per day, and half of a family’s income, can be expended on firewood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to this devastating human toll, cooking fires contribute greatly to deforestation and climate change. The burning of household biofuels is the second greatest contributor to global warming, second only to motor vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 751px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\" width=\"751\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg 751w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy’s missive was clear: invent a new stove that would produce ten times less pollution than the traditional cookstoves currently in use around the world. To help, the government has funded a state-of-the-art stove-testing laboratory at the lab in Berkeley, where Gadgil and his team of students and engineers are working furiously to cook up a prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gadgil said that he is confident that, at least in the lab, the team will have a new “ultra-clean” stove design built and tested by the fall of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new stoves would cost between $30 and $40 each, he said, and would not require electricity. The stoves are most needed in Asia and Africa, but South and Central American countries also would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to paying for the stove-testing lab, Gadgil has proposed that the energy department should help pay to train engineers from other countries in building and operating similar labs in their own countries. If all goes well, he said, this training should begin in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to elevate global technology on stoves all around the world,” said Gadgil. “World-class science and technology, applied to big and often desperate problems of the people at the base of the global economic pyramid, can help improve their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17422/darfur-stoves-project","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_12","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_13084","quest_13086","quest_621","quest_13085","quest_766","quest_12946","quest_12269","quest_1224","quest_13201","quest_3351","quest_1623","quest_1626","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_10810","quest_2820","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_10809"],"collections":["quest_13134"],"featImg":"quest_73043","label":"source_quest_17422"},"quest_57938":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_57938","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"57938","score":null,"sort":[1384182035000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kickstarting-science-crowdfunded-research-explores-potential-health-impacts-of-coal-trains","title":"Kickstarting Science: Crowdfunded Research Explores Potential Health Impacts of Coal Trains","publishDate":1384182035,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63157 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\" alt=\"coal train Wyoming\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A train is loaded with coal at a mine in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.\u003cbr>Courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years crowdfunding -- raising money for a project from a number of small donors, usually online -- has become a popular way to raise capital for business start-ups and artistic endeavors. Now scientists are also turning to this method to help pay for critical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington professor of atmospheric sciences, is reaping the rewards of crowdfunding. He and his team are studying the air pollution emitted by passing coal trains. The money for the project came entirely from small online donors. “I was surprised how well this worked,” Jaffe said. “We’re never going to fund a new superconducting particle collider with this, but it definitely has a place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe’s study is specifically related to plans to build large coal-export terminals around the Pacific Northwest -- plans that have become a lightning rod for controversy because of potential public health risks. The facilities would ship coal from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin to lucrative markets in Asia. But to get the coal from Wyoming to export terminals in Washington and Oregon, the coal would have to be moved by open-topped rail cars. Between 18 and 37 coal trains a day would rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. The public has expressed concern about the clouds of coal dust and other pollutants that these coal trains might leave in their wake. But when Jaffe looked into it he found almost no research on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63177 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"coal train BNSF export Portland Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If coal export facilities are built in the Northwest, between 18 and 37 coal trains a day could rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. Photo courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not my job to advocate a decision on this issue,” Jaffe said. “But I wanted to know if we have enough information about coal trains and the impact on air quality to make a decision on whether to permit these terminals. And we clearly do not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe took his concerns to state and national agencies and asked them to fund a study on how coal trains impact air quality. When they declined, he signed up for an account on \u003ca href=\"https://www.microryza.com/projects/do-coal-and-diesel-trains-make-for-unhealthy-air\">microryza.com\u003c/a>, a crowdfunding platform for scientists. The goal was to raise $18,000 for the research, and within a matter of days the project was fully funded. To date, more than $20,000 has been pledged by 271 small donors. “I didn’t even realize there was a crowdfunding platform for science until this came up,” said Alexis Bonogofsky, a Montana-based conservationist who contributed to the project via Microryza. “I feel like this democratizes science and it allows scientists to respond very quickly to questions we need to know now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money allowed Jaffe and a team of undergraduates to set up air-quality monitoring devices near rail lines around Seattle and the Columbia River Gorge. Over the course of five weeks the team measured emissions from roughly 500 passing freight, coal, and passenger trains. The results were surprising: diesel emissions appeared to have a significant impact on air quality while coal dust emissions did not. Jaffe and his team found diesel emissions coming from passing trains to be about 25 percent higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63180\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Jaffe coal train Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Washington professor Dan Jaffe measures air quality over rail lines outside Seattle. Photo courtesy KCTS-9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, if you’re living right along the tracks your exposure to diesel particulate is significant. And if you add even more coal trains to the mix, that’s going to go up significantly,” Jaffe said. “For these homes in north Seattle that are right along the tracks, their exposure is comparable to if they lived in the most industrial part of Seattle.” Conversely, there did not appear to be much coal dust in the air near the rail lines Jaffe studied. “That seems to be a non-issue,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the coal train research has been successful, Jaffe warns that crowdfunding isn’t a quick cure-all for every project starved for funds. To use Microryza and other crowdfunding sites effectively, researchers must spend considerable time communicating with donors and generating publicity about their projects. “If I had to raise all of my team’s funding this way, there would be no time to do anything else,” Jaffe said. In addition, only certain types of projects are well suited to raising money in this fashion. “These (crowdfunded) projects have to be things that capture the public’s interest. And they have to be done with relatively small amounts of money,” Jaffe said. “A lot of the projects I do won’t work for crowdfunding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for this particular project, the stars -- and the crowds -- aligned. “These coal terminals and the coal trains are a major environmental issue in the Northwest,” Jaffe said, “and yet the government doesn’t want to step up to the plate, for whatever reason, and fund the research on it. So I was very happy to see the public support to do science.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists and researchers are turning to new and innovative online funding methods to pay for their projects. And the public is buying in.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1394136995,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":914},"headData":{"title":"Kickstarting Science: Crowdfunded Research Explores Potential Health Impacts of Coal Trains | KQED","description":"Scientists and researchers are turning to new and innovative online funding methods to pay for their projects. And the public is buying in.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"57938 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=57938","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/11/kickstarting-science-crowdfunded-research-explores-potential-health-impacts-of-coal-trains/","disqusTitle":"Kickstarting Science: Crowdfunded Research Explores Potential Health Impacts of Coal Trains","path":"/quest/57938/kickstarting-science-crowdfunded-research-explores-potential-health-impacts-of-coal-trains","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63157 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\" alt=\"coal train Wyoming\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A train is loaded with coal at a mine in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.\u003cbr>Courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years crowdfunding -- raising money for a project from a number of small donors, usually online -- has become a popular way to raise capital for business start-ups and artistic endeavors. Now scientists are also turning to this method to help pay for critical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington professor of atmospheric sciences, is reaping the rewards of crowdfunding. He and his team are studying the air pollution emitted by passing coal trains. The money for the project came entirely from small online donors. “I was surprised how well this worked,” Jaffe said. “We’re never going to fund a new superconducting particle collider with this, but it definitely has a place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe’s study is specifically related to plans to build large coal-export terminals around the Pacific Northwest -- plans that have become a lightning rod for controversy because of potential public health risks. The facilities would ship coal from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin to lucrative markets in Asia. But to get the coal from Wyoming to export terminals in Washington and Oregon, the coal would have to be moved by open-topped rail cars. Between 18 and 37 coal trains a day would rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. The public has expressed concern about the clouds of coal dust and other pollutants that these coal trains might leave in their wake. But when Jaffe looked into it he found almost no research on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63177 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"coal train BNSF export Portland Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If coal export facilities are built in the Northwest, between 18 and 37 coal trains a day could rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. Photo courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not my job to advocate a decision on this issue,” Jaffe said. “But I wanted to know if we have enough information about coal trains and the impact on air quality to make a decision on whether to permit these terminals. And we clearly do not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe took his concerns to state and national agencies and asked them to fund a study on how coal trains impact air quality. When they declined, he signed up for an account on \u003ca href=\"https://www.microryza.com/projects/do-coal-and-diesel-trains-make-for-unhealthy-air\">microryza.com\u003c/a>, a crowdfunding platform for scientists. The goal was to raise $18,000 for the research, and within a matter of days the project was fully funded. To date, more than $20,000 has been pledged by 271 small donors. “I didn’t even realize there was a crowdfunding platform for science until this came up,” said Alexis Bonogofsky, a Montana-based conservationist who contributed to the project via Microryza. “I feel like this democratizes science and it allows scientists to respond very quickly to questions we need to know now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money allowed Jaffe and a team of undergraduates to set up air-quality monitoring devices near rail lines around Seattle and the Columbia River Gorge. Over the course of five weeks the team measured emissions from roughly 500 passing freight, coal, and passenger trains. The results were surprising: diesel emissions appeared to have a significant impact on air quality while coal dust emissions did not. Jaffe and his team found diesel emissions coming from passing trains to be about 25 percent higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63180\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Jaffe coal train Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Washington professor Dan Jaffe measures air quality over rail lines outside Seattle. Photo courtesy KCTS-9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, if you’re living right along the tracks your exposure to diesel particulate is significant. And if you add even more coal trains to the mix, that’s going to go up significantly,” Jaffe said. “For these homes in north Seattle that are right along the tracks, their exposure is comparable to if they lived in the most industrial part of Seattle.” Conversely, there did not appear to be much coal dust in the air near the rail lines Jaffe studied. “That seems to be a non-issue,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the coal train research has been successful, Jaffe warns that crowdfunding isn’t a quick cure-all for every project starved for funds. To use Microryza and other crowdfunding sites effectively, researchers must spend considerable time communicating with donors and generating publicity about their projects. “If I had to raise all of my team’s funding this way, there would be no time to do anything else,” Jaffe said. In addition, only certain types of projects are well suited to raising money in this fashion. “These (crowdfunded) projects have to be things that capture the public’s interest. And they have to be done with relatively small amounts of money,” Jaffe said. “A lot of the projects I do won’t work for crowdfunding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for this particular project, the stars -- and the crowds -- aligned. “These coal terminals and the coal trains are a major environmental issue in the Northwest,” Jaffe said, “and yet the government doesn’t want to step up to the plate, for whatever reason, and fund the research on it. So I was very happy to see the public support to do science.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/57938/kickstarting-science-crowdfunded-research-explores-potential-health-impacts-of-coal-trains","authors":["10446"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_582","quest_621","quest_638","quest_12391","quest_10220","quest_12389","quest_828","quest_12500","quest_12502","quest_12269","quest_1273","quest_13201","quest_12390","quest_12501","quest_12388","quest_3288","quest_2530","quest_13365","quest_2975"],"featImg":"quest_63157","label":"quest"},"quest_53274":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53274","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53274","score":null,"sort":[1367247627000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"air-pollution-lurks-inside-your-home","title":"Air Pollution Lurks Inside Your Home","publishDate":1367247627,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53294\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph courtesy of kfisto via Creative Commons licensing.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kfisto/369599892/sizes/z/\" target=\"_blank\">kfisto\u003c/a> via Creative Commons licensing.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How would you like a job that involves shopping at the grocery store with the company credit card and cooking dishes like stir-fry? This describes Tosh Hotchi’s job, but he isn’t a chef. He is part of a research team that studies how to build healthy, efficient homes, including how to improve the quality of air inside a home through better ventilation. Hotchi is helping to study a major source of indoor pollution: cooking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people think of air pollution, they usually picture a factory spewing a plume of toxic chemicals into the air. But indoor air pollution causes significant health effects such as respiratory illness, asthma attacks, cancer and premature death. Californians spend over 45 billion dollars each year on these health impacts, according to a \u003ca title=\"California Air Resources Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the California Air Resources Board. This is in part because they spend about \u003ca title=\"California Air Recoures Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">90% of their time indoors\u003c/a>, which is typical for people living in a developed country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca title=\"LBNL EETD\" href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/research-development\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory \u003c/a>(Berkeley Lab) have identified which indoor air pollutants cause the greatest health consequences. In a \u003ca title=\"Environmental Health Perspectives journal article\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279453/\">paper\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/em>, they reported that fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less, formaldehyde and acrolein are the worst indoor contaminants for non-smoking households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particulates are found indoors mainly due to cooking, burning candles or incense, tobacco smoke and outdoor sources that leak inside. These fine particulates cause significant health problems – stroke, heart disease, chronic bronchitis and premature death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formaldehyde is mainly emitted by materials used in home construction and furniture, such as particle board, paneling and foam insulation. It also comes from cooking and tobacco smoke. Formaldehyde is a lung irritant that can trigger asthma attacks and it may cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acrolein was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. Acrolein in the home is primarily from cooking (especially oils) and tobacco smoke. It is a strong irritant for the skin, eyes and nasal passages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what you're putting in your home,” says Melissa Lunden, a Berkeley Lab staff engineer. “Most of us have to cook, but do you need the candles, incense and air fresheners? Freshening your air requires taking stuff out, not putting more stuff in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Lab scientists are now looking for ways to improve indoor air quality by developing better standards for residential buildings and new tests to measure these hazardous pollutants. For example, their \u003ca title=\"Why We Ventilate LBNL report\" href=\"http://eaei.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-5093e_2.pdf\">Berkeley Lab report\u003c/a> recommends to regulators that whole-residence ventilation rates should focus on controlling formaldehyde and acrolein, whereas filtration should be used to remove fine particle pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since cooking is a major source of indoor air pollutants, Berkeley Lab scientists have also evaluated the effectiveness of cooking exhaust hoods. Their \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science and Techonolgy journal article\" href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/presspac/presspac/abs/10.1021/es3001079\">study results \u003c/a>showed that cooking hoods should be redesigned and new rating standards are needed to help consumers know how effective a cooking hood is at removing pollutants. However, they also found that indoor air quality can be significantly improved by simply cooking on the back burners of your stove, using higher fan settings and turning the fan on before you start cooking. Further research on cooking-induced pollutants is underway using a new demonstration kitchen to study real-life cooking conditions. During these studies, Tosh Hotchi’s stir-fries and cookies are just a happy bonus for his co-workers like Melissa Lunden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about how air quality affects your health this week during \u003ca title=\"Air Quality Awareness Week\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airnow/airaware/index.html\">Air Quality Awareness Week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Californians spend over 45 billion dollars each year on health impacts due to indoor air pollution. Scientists at Berkeley Lab have identified the indoor air pollutants with the greatest health consequences, and they are now looking for ways to improve indoor air quality.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1375736411,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":595},"headData":{"title":"Air Pollution Lurks Inside Your Home | KQED","description":"Californians spend over 45 billion dollars each year on health impacts due to indoor air pollution. Scientists at Berkeley Lab have identified the indoor air pollutants with the greatest health consequences, and they are now looking for ways to improve indoor air quality.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"53274 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53274","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/29/air-pollution-lurks-inside-your-home/","disqusTitle":"Air Pollution Lurks Inside Your Home","path":"/quest/53274/air-pollution-lurks-inside-your-home","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53294\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph courtesy of kfisto via Creative Commons licensing.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kfisto/369599892/sizes/z/\" target=\"_blank\">kfisto\u003c/a> via Creative Commons licensing.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How would you like a job that involves shopping at the grocery store with the company credit card and cooking dishes like stir-fry? This describes Tosh Hotchi’s job, but he isn’t a chef. He is part of a research team that studies how to build healthy, efficient homes, including how to improve the quality of air inside a home through better ventilation. Hotchi is helping to study a major source of indoor pollution: cooking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people think of air pollution, they usually picture a factory spewing a plume of toxic chemicals into the air. But indoor air pollution causes significant health effects such as respiratory illness, asthma attacks, cancer and premature death. Californians spend over 45 billion dollars each year on these health impacts, according to a \u003ca title=\"California Air Resources Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the California Air Resources Board. This is in part because they spend about \u003ca title=\"California Air Recoures Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">90% of their time indoors\u003c/a>, which is typical for people living in a developed country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca title=\"LBNL EETD\" href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/research-development\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory \u003c/a>(Berkeley Lab) have identified which indoor air pollutants cause the greatest health consequences. In a \u003ca title=\"Environmental Health Perspectives journal article\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279453/\">paper\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/em>, they reported that fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less, formaldehyde and acrolein are the worst indoor contaminants for non-smoking households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particulates are found indoors mainly due to cooking, burning candles or incense, tobacco smoke and outdoor sources that leak inside. These fine particulates cause significant health problems – stroke, heart disease, chronic bronchitis and premature death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formaldehyde is mainly emitted by materials used in home construction and furniture, such as particle board, paneling and foam insulation. It also comes from cooking and tobacco smoke. Formaldehyde is a lung irritant that can trigger asthma attacks and it may cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acrolein was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. Acrolein in the home is primarily from cooking (especially oils) and tobacco smoke. It is a strong irritant for the skin, eyes and nasal passages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what you're putting in your home,” says Melissa Lunden, a Berkeley Lab staff engineer. “Most of us have to cook, but do you need the candles, incense and air fresheners? Freshening your air requires taking stuff out, not putting more stuff in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Lab scientists are now looking for ways to improve indoor air quality by developing better standards for residential buildings and new tests to measure these hazardous pollutants. For example, their \u003ca title=\"Why We Ventilate LBNL report\" href=\"http://eaei.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-5093e_2.pdf\">Berkeley Lab report\u003c/a> recommends to regulators that whole-residence ventilation rates should focus on controlling formaldehyde and acrolein, whereas filtration should be used to remove fine particle pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since cooking is a major source of indoor air pollutants, Berkeley Lab scientists have also evaluated the effectiveness of cooking exhaust hoods. Their \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science and Techonolgy journal article\" href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/presspac/presspac/abs/10.1021/es3001079\">study results \u003c/a>showed that cooking hoods should be redesigned and new rating standards are needed to help consumers know how effective a cooking hood is at removing pollutants. However, they also found that indoor air quality can be significantly improved by simply cooking on the back burners of your stove, using higher fan settings and turning the fan on before you start cooking. Further research on cooking-induced pollutants is underway using a new demonstration kitchen to study real-life cooking conditions. During these studies, Tosh Hotchi’s stir-fries and cookies are just a happy bonus for his co-workers like Melissa Lunden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about how air quality affects your health this week during \u003ca title=\"Air Quality Awareness Week\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airnow/airaware/index.html\">Air Quality Awareness Week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53274/air-pollution-lurks-inside-your-home","authors":["6360"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_11934","quest_11933","quest_1626","quest_13202","quest_13365"],"featImg":"quest_53294","label":"quest"},"quest_29620":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_29620","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"29620","score":null,"sort":[1327012402000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-pushes-to-get-clean-cars-on-the-road","title":"California Pushes to Get Clean Cars on the Road","publishDate":1327012402,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Clean Car Diaries | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10636,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-23-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/IMG_4428.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/IMG_4428-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_4428\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-29622\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new all-electric Nissan Leaf. (Photo: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, California officials are voting on the toughest new regulations in the country to promote cleaner cars. If passed, by 2025, 15% of new cars and trucks sold in the state would have to be powered by batteries, hydrogen fuel cells or other technology that produces little or no air pollution. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kind of tough mandates have been tried before and they failed. But officials are confident that era of electric vehicle as finally arrived in California. That’s becoming the case in the Bay Area, which has been a strong market for advanced cars since the first Prius came out a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a Prius V,” says Joe Testa at Downtown Toyota in Oakland, showing one of \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyota.com/prius-hybrid-family/\">several new Prius models\u003c/a> that Toyota is releasing this year. “It’s the longer, wagon style, so it has a little more room.” Testa says there’s already a waiting list for the new Prius Plug-in, which comes out in March. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toyota came out with hybrids ahead of other carmakers, maybe because the company anticipated changes in the market. Or, as some believe, it was due to a California state agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been at the forefront of encouraging, and some would people would say forcing, new technologies. The Prius hybrid electric vehicle is an example of that,” says Tom Cackette. Chief Deputy Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Clean Car History \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cackette says to see California’s legacy of shaping national car policy, you have to go back to 1975. The state had a growing smog problem, so the air board required cars to have catalytic converters. The federal government followed. California then \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/brochure/history.htm\">tightened air pollution rules\u003c/a> for cars. And tightened them again. “And almost in every case, the federal government would follow two, three, four, five years later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, new cars emit 99 percent less smog than cars did in the 1960s. “It’s probably the most successful environmental program in the world,” says Cackette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Clean car diaries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s it like to drive an electric car on an everyday basis? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">Check out our new blog\u003c/a> with lessons from early adopters.[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California has a new goal: dramatically \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cleanenergy/cleanenergy.htm\">cutting greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> to fight climate change. Transportation accounts for 40% of the state’s emissions. “The number one strategy to reduce greenhouse gases is these car standards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc.htm\">The proposed standards\u003c/a> would cut greenhouse gas emissions from new cars in half by 2025. “We actually worked very closely under the federal government under the Obama Administration and we’ve jointly developed the standards. So they won’t just apply in California. But they’ll apply nationwide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting these tougher standards will raise car prices by about $1900, but Cackette says those costs would be offset by fuel savings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jumpstarting Electric Car Sales\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, California is taking an even bolder step, requiring automakers to sell increasing numbers of clean cars in the state. By 2025, they’d have to sell almost a million and half vehicles that run on electricity or hydrogen fuel cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing is – California has tried this before. And it didn’t work. “I guess I would call it a little too visionary perhaps,” says Cackette. In 1990, the Air Resources Board mandated that 10 percent of new car sales be “\u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc_technology.htm\">zero emission\u003c/a>” cars by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously that didn’t happen. The price of gas was cheap in those times. The price of the technologies were high,” he says. The air board loosened the rules to include hybrid cars and cleaner gasoline engines, which he says drove carmakers to develop them faster. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Cackette believes that technology has come of age. Nissan is selling the all-electric Leaf and Chevy is selling the Volt, a plug-in hybrid. And there’s another big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Automakers Onboard \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The car manufacturers were adamantly opposed to the concept of government telling them they needed to build a new type of technology. That’s changed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are seeing more agreement between automakers and California and the federal government,” agrees Gloria Bergquist, a spokeswoman for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Automakers have invested billions of dollars in these technologies. And so in some ways we have similar interests. Our interest in recouping our investment is now aligned with the societal imperative to get more of these vehicles on the road,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bergquist says meeting the mandate calling for carmakers to sell a certain number of clean vehicles will ultimately depend on consumers. “There’s still a concern about what the consumer acceptance of these technologies is going to be and that can make a mandate very scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groups Push for Tougher Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think California could be bolder,” says Don Anair is with the Union of Concerned Scientists, a non-profit group that supports even stronger clean car rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need that technology to advance for the technology cost to come down and make these vehicles accessible to more and more consumers. By having a more aggressive standard, that gives more certainty to investors that California is committed.” Anair wants to see tougher standards sooner rather than later, since it takes 15 years on average for the entire fleet of cars on the road to turn over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new rules are successful, electric cars could be adopted at a much faster pace. Tom Cackette of the Air Resources Board says they’re doing all they can to encourage consumers to buy them, including funding a popular rebate program and working with companies to build an electric car charging infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, you’ve got to sort of have a jumpstart to this whole process and in the absence of a jumpstart, there’s a chance that it will fail,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29644\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ARB-chart\" width=\"600\" height=\"318\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29644\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart-400x212.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A projection of how zero emissions vehicles like electric cars will be 87% of all cars on the road in California by 2025. Source: California Air Resources Board.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California officials are considering the toughest regulations in the country to promote sales of cars powered by batteries, hydrogen fuel cells or other technology that produces little or no air pollution. These kind of tough mandates have been tried before but they failed. So is this finally the right time for the clean car? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1335464834,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1084},"headData":{"title":"California Pushes to Get Clean Cars on the Road | KQED","description":"California officials are considering the toughest regulations in the country to promote sales of cars powered by batteries, hydrogen fuel cells or other technology that produces little or no air pollution. These kind of tough mandates have been tried before but they failed. So is this finally the right time for the clean car? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"29620 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/california-pushes-to-get-clean-cars-on-the-road/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/california-pushes-to-get-clean-cars-on-the-road/","disqusTitle":"California Pushes to Get Clean Cars on the Road","path":"/quest/29620/california-pushes-to-get-clean-cars-on-the-road","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-23-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-23-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/IMG_4428.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/IMG_4428-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_4428\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-29622\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new all-electric Nissan Leaf. (Photo: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, California officials are voting on the toughest new regulations in the country to promote cleaner cars. If passed, by 2025, 15% of new cars and trucks sold in the state would have to be powered by batteries, hydrogen fuel cells or other technology that produces little or no air pollution. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kind of tough mandates have been tried before and they failed. But officials are confident that era of electric vehicle as finally arrived in California. That’s becoming the case in the Bay Area, which has been a strong market for advanced cars since the first Prius came out a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a Prius V,” says Joe Testa at Downtown Toyota in Oakland, showing one of \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyota.com/prius-hybrid-family/\">several new Prius models\u003c/a> that Toyota is releasing this year. “It’s the longer, wagon style, so it has a little more room.” Testa says there’s already a waiting list for the new Prius Plug-in, which comes out in March. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toyota came out with hybrids ahead of other carmakers, maybe because the company anticipated changes in the market. Or, as some believe, it was due to a California state agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been at the forefront of encouraging, and some would people would say forcing, new technologies. The Prius hybrid electric vehicle is an example of that,” says Tom Cackette. Chief Deputy Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Clean Car History \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cackette says to see California’s legacy of shaping national car policy, you have to go back to 1975. The state had a growing smog problem, so the air board required cars to have catalytic converters. The federal government followed. California then \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/brochure/history.htm\">tightened air pollution rules\u003c/a> for cars. And tightened them again. “And almost in every case, the federal government would follow two, three, four, five years later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, new cars emit 99 percent less smog than cars did in the 1960s. “It’s probably the most successful environmental program in the world,” says Cackette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Clean car diaries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s it like to drive an electric car on an everyday basis? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">Check out our new blog\u003c/a> with lessons from early adopters.[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California has a new goal: dramatically \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cleanenergy/cleanenergy.htm\">cutting greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> to fight climate change. Transportation accounts for 40% of the state’s emissions. “The number one strategy to reduce greenhouse gases is these car standards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc.htm\">The proposed standards\u003c/a> would cut greenhouse gas emissions from new cars in half by 2025. “We actually worked very closely under the federal government under the Obama Administration and we’ve jointly developed the standards. So they won’t just apply in California. But they’ll apply nationwide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting these tougher standards will raise car prices by about $1900, but Cackette says those costs would be offset by fuel savings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jumpstarting Electric Car Sales\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, California is taking an even bolder step, requiring automakers to sell increasing numbers of clean cars in the state. By 2025, they’d have to sell almost a million and half vehicles that run on electricity or hydrogen fuel cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing is – California has tried this before. And it didn’t work. “I guess I would call it a little too visionary perhaps,” says Cackette. In 1990, the Air Resources Board mandated that 10 percent of new car sales be “\u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc_technology.htm\">zero emission\u003c/a>” cars by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously that didn’t happen. The price of gas was cheap in those times. The price of the technologies were high,” he says. The air board loosened the rules to include hybrid cars and cleaner gasoline engines, which he says drove carmakers to develop them faster. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Cackette believes that technology has come of age. Nissan is selling the all-electric Leaf and Chevy is selling the Volt, a plug-in hybrid. And there’s another big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Automakers Onboard \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The car manufacturers were adamantly opposed to the concept of government telling them they needed to build a new type of technology. That’s changed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are seeing more agreement between automakers and California and the federal government,” agrees Gloria Bergquist, a spokeswoman for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Automakers have invested billions of dollars in these technologies. And so in some ways we have similar interests. Our interest in recouping our investment is now aligned with the societal imperative to get more of these vehicles on the road,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bergquist says meeting the mandate calling for carmakers to sell a certain number of clean vehicles will ultimately depend on consumers. “There’s still a concern about what the consumer acceptance of these technologies is going to be and that can make a mandate very scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groups Push for Tougher Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think California could be bolder,” says Don Anair is with the Union of Concerned Scientists, a non-profit group that supports even stronger clean car rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need that technology to advance for the technology cost to come down and make these vehicles accessible to more and more consumers. By having a more aggressive standard, that gives more certainty to investors that California is committed.” Anair wants to see tougher standards sooner rather than later, since it takes 15 years on average for the entire fleet of cars on the road to turn over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new rules are successful, electric cars could be adopted at a much faster pace. Tom Cackette of the Air Resources Board says they’re doing all they can to encourage consumers to buy them, including funding a popular rebate program and working with companies to build an electric car charging infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, you’ve got to sort of have a jumpstart to this whole process and in the absence of a jumpstart, there’s a chance that it will fail,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29644\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ARB-chart\" width=\"600\" height=\"318\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29644\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart-400x212.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A projection of how zero emissions vehicles like electric cars will be 87% of all cars on the road in California by 2025. Source: California Air Resources Board.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/29620/california-pushes-to-get-clean-cars-on-the-road","authors":["239"],"series":["quest_10636"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_54","quest_94","quest_252","quest_481","quest_499","quest_569","quest_621","quest_950","quest_1271","quest_1427","quest_13203","quest_1997","quest_13202","quest_2669"],"featImg":"quest_29622","label":"quest_10636"},"quest_25082":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25082","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25082","score":null,"sort":[1316806734000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-renewables-boom-california-struggles-to-quit-coal","title":"As Renewables Boom, California Struggles to Quit Coal","publishDate":1316806734,"format":"audio","headTitle":"As Renewables Boom, California Struggles to Quit Coal | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":10214,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these investments, while they create a lot of jobs, jobs that we desperately need, these are also investments that are going to modernize the utility. And I think the opportunity here in Los Angeles is to help provide that roadmap to help these other utilities around the country manage that transition,” says Gillespie.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California is known for its \"green\" reputation, so it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684972311,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1092},"headData":{"title":"As Renewables Boom, California Struggles to Quit Coal | KQED","description":"California is known for its "green" reputation, so it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/25082/as-renewables-boom-california-struggles-to-quit-coal","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these investments, while they create a lot of jobs, jobs that we desperately need, these are also investments that are going to modernize the utility. And I think the opportunity here in Los Angeles is to help provide that roadmap to help these other utilities around the country manage that transition,” says Gillespie.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25082/as-renewables-boom-california-struggles-to-quit-coal","authors":["239"],"series":["quest_10214"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_252","quest_638","quest_954","quest_984","quest_1134","quest_10223","quest_13203","quest_2270","quest_13","quest_2409","quest_2693","quest_3164"],"featImg":"quest_25095","label":"quest_10214"},"quest_19234":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19234","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19234","score":null,"sort":[1307044475000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mount-diablo-views","title":"Mount Diablo Views","publishDate":1307044475,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablo300.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mount Diablo is seen with its foothills from Wildcat Canyon Road near Inspiration Point in the Berkeley Hills. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/hortulus_aptus/\">Seán O'Hara\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative commons license. Photos by Andrew Alden unless otherwise indicated.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo, in the heart of the East Bay, is an interesting mountain in many ways. It has fossils. It has a lot of serpentinite in it, with the accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/\">serpentine plant community\u003c/a>. It's been mined for mercury and other metals. It's an exceptional structure even in a region of crazy-complicated tectonic structures. But I expect to get into the geological details some other time. Because first of all, Mount Diablo is just \u003ci>there\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo was always a landmark, so widely visible around the Bay and central California that in 1851 its peak was named the base line for land divisions. Around here and across the majority of California and all of Nevada, every \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/maps/ig/township-range/\">township and section\u003c/a> is numbered in relation to the north-south Mt. Diablo Meridian and the east-west Mt. Diablo Base Line. (Full details are given by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdshs.org/\">Mount Diablo Surveyors Historical Society\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today few of us have any awareness of land division, and we can simply enjoy the peak's prominence as we drive Bay Area roads or hike the hills. Around the Bay proper, Mount Diablo peeks over the Berkeley Hills as seen from Corona Heights in San Francisco . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosf.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san francisco\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the hills above Marin City, where the \"devil's mountain\" overlooks Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiabloangel.jpg\" alt=\"angel island\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see the peak's full extent we need to cross the hills of the East Bay, or at least climb them. Here the mountain is seen from the Los Buellis Hills, east of San Jose, looking up the valley formed by the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosanjose.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san jose\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once over the hills, your every vista centers around Diablo whether it's the view from Oakland . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosiesta.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo siesta valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Tassajara Valley . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablotassa.jpg\" alt=\"tassajara valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Delta:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosjv.jpg\" alt=\"delta\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/philosophygeek/\">Mark Johnson\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Interstate 5, Mount Diablo can be spotted from the Dunnigan Hills in the north to near Patterson in the south. From state route 99 it's visible from a much longer stretch, but only if the conditions are right. In fact, instead of driving everywhere to determine Mount Diablo's viewshed, it's more efficient to visit the peak itself on a perfect day and look outward. There's a handy sign pointing out what's possible on a perfect day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosign.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo sign\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/allaboutgeorge/\">George Kelly\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been up there on a perfect day, and while it's not geometrically possible, atmospheric refraction has allowed me to spot Mount Shasta. An example of a typical excellent (not perfect) day shows Pyramid Peak in the central Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosierra.jpg\" alt=\"sierra nevada\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/14657061@N00/\">advencap\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such days were once more common. A. J. McCall, standing at the Sierra's crest on September 7, 1849, recorded \"a picture of wonderful grandeur and magnificence\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Below were a succession of innumerable pine-covered mountain peaks, growing less and less until they disappeared in a broad, yellow valley sweeping north and south until lost to view, and beyond another range of mountains. This was the far-famed Sacramento Valley, nearly a hundred miles distant. The purity of the atmosphere rendered vision almost illimitable, showing every line and shadow distinctly.\" (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2010/03/19/hard-road-west-by-keith-meldahl.htm\">source\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today the activities of ten million modern Californians make such purity almost unattainable—especially around Labor Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a common belief that when pioneer scout Kit Carson guided the Fremont Expedition over the Sierra in the winter of 1844 (at today's Carson Pass), he recognized his position by spotting Mount Diablo: \"There is the little mountain—it is 15 years since I saw it; but I am just as sure as if I had seen it yesterday.\" But \u003ca href=\"http://www.longcamp.com/little_mountain.html\">Bob Graham and Peter Lathrop argue convincingly\u003c/a> that it was not Diablo, but the whole Coast Range that Carson meant. That's too bad; it was a good story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8817 -121.9146\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Mount Diablo, in the heart of the East Bay, is an interesting mountain in many ways. But first of all, Mount Diablo is just \u003ci>there\u003c/i>.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311134989,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":684},"headData":{"title":"Mount Diablo Views | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"19234 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14940","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/","disqusTitle":"Mount Diablo Views","path":"/quest/19234/mount-diablo-views","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablo300.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mount Diablo is seen with its foothills from Wildcat Canyon Road near Inspiration Point in the Berkeley Hills. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/hortulus_aptus/\">Seán O'Hara\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative commons license. Photos by Andrew Alden unless otherwise indicated.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo, in the heart of the East Bay, is an interesting mountain in many ways. It has fossils. It has a lot of serpentinite in it, with the accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/\">serpentine plant community\u003c/a>. It's been mined for mercury and other metals. It's an exceptional structure even in a region of crazy-complicated tectonic structures. But I expect to get into the geological details some other time. Because first of all, Mount Diablo is just \u003ci>there\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo was always a landmark, so widely visible around the Bay and central California that in 1851 its peak was named the base line for land divisions. Around here and across the majority of California and all of Nevada, every \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/maps/ig/township-range/\">township and section\u003c/a> is numbered in relation to the north-south Mt. Diablo Meridian and the east-west Mt. Diablo Base Line. (Full details are given by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdshs.org/\">Mount Diablo Surveyors Historical Society\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today few of us have any awareness of land division, and we can simply enjoy the peak's prominence as we drive Bay Area roads or hike the hills. Around the Bay proper, Mount Diablo peeks over the Berkeley Hills as seen from Corona Heights in San Francisco . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosf.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san francisco\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the hills above Marin City, where the \"devil's mountain\" overlooks Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiabloangel.jpg\" alt=\"angel island\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see the peak's full extent we need to cross the hills of the East Bay, or at least climb them. Here the mountain is seen from the Los Buellis Hills, east of San Jose, looking up the valley formed by the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosanjose.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san jose\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once over the hills, your every vista centers around Diablo whether it's the view from Oakland . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosiesta.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo siesta valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Tassajara Valley . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablotassa.jpg\" alt=\"tassajara valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Delta:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosjv.jpg\" alt=\"delta\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/philosophygeek/\">Mark Johnson\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Interstate 5, Mount Diablo can be spotted from the Dunnigan Hills in the north to near Patterson in the south. From state route 99 it's visible from a much longer stretch, but only if the conditions are right. In fact, instead of driving everywhere to determine Mount Diablo's viewshed, it's more efficient to visit the peak itself on a perfect day and look outward. There's a handy sign pointing out what's possible on a perfect day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosign.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo sign\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/allaboutgeorge/\">George Kelly\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been up there on a perfect day, and while it's not geometrically possible, atmospheric refraction has allowed me to spot Mount Shasta. An example of a typical excellent (not perfect) day shows Pyramid Peak in the central Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosierra.jpg\" alt=\"sierra nevada\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/14657061@N00/\">advencap\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such days were once more common. A. J. McCall, standing at the Sierra's crest on September 7, 1849, recorded \"a picture of wonderful grandeur and magnificence\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Below were a succession of innumerable pine-covered mountain peaks, growing less and less until they disappeared in a broad, yellow valley sweeping north and south until lost to view, and beyond another range of mountains. This was the far-famed Sacramento Valley, nearly a hundred miles distant. The purity of the atmosphere rendered vision almost illimitable, showing every line and shadow distinctly.\" (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2010/03/19/hard-road-west-by-keith-meldahl.htm\">source\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today the activities of ten million modern Californians make such purity almost unattainable—especially around Labor Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a common belief that when pioneer scout Kit Carson guided the Fremont Expedition over the Sierra in the winter of 1844 (at today's Carson Pass), he recognized his position by spotting Mount Diablo: \"There is the little mountain—it is 15 years since I saw it; but I am just as sure as if I had seen it yesterday.\" But \u003ca href=\"http://www.longcamp.com/little_mountain.html\">Bob Graham and Peter Lathrop argue convincingly\u003c/a> that it was not Diablo, but the whole Coast Range that Carson meant. That's too bad; it was a good story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8817 -121.9146\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19234/mount-diablo-views","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_910","quest_1881","quest_1889","quest_2025","quest_2487","quest_2630","quest_3791","quest_3817"],"featImg":"quest_14942","label":"quest"},"quest_12823":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12823","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12823","score":null,"sort":[1301082601000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-green-is-biomass-energy-2","title":"How Green is Biomass Energy?","publishDate":1301082601,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomass3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Almond shells at the West Biofuels biomass test plant in Woodland, California.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of where energy comes from, you might picture a power plant or maybe wind mills. You probably wouldn't think of a pile of 12 tons of almond shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is hungry for renewable energy. Solar and wind power have taken off thanks to the state's ambitious clean energy goals. But there's another way to generate electricity -- by using organic material like agricultural and tree waste. It's known as biomass power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Summers is an engineer with West Biofuels at their test power plant near Sacramento. California, by the way, is the world leader in growing almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we've got more almond shells than anybody else. And you know, we know some companies that handle almond shells and they're always looking for somewhere to take them,\" says Summers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-28-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-green-is-biomass-energy\">How Green Is Biomass Energy?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But where some see a waste product, Summers sees an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So this is the heart of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westbiofuels.com/\" target=\"_blank\">West Biofuels\u003c/a> process,\" he says, pointing to a tower of industrial equipment that turns almond shells into electricity. First, the waste, or biomass, is fed into a reactor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We call it reforming, so we're re-forming what's biomass, what's almond shells into smaller particles that are gases,\" says Summers, describing their gasification technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas that's produced is a lot like natural gas, so it goes to an advanced generator where it's burned to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is where biomass is different from other renewables. The generator produces air pollution, unlike, say, a solar farm. So Summers and his team use pollution control technology to meet California's air quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, despite the emissions from biomass plants, many say there are big benefits to using waste as an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Waste is pretty green,\" says Jim Boyd, a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>. \"There's enough material out there to make thousands of megawatts of electricity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomasspile2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Matt Summers of West Biofuels stands next to their fuel source.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of unused energy sources out there, Boyd says, like construction debris and orchard cuttings. Biomass energy also has one big advantage over other renewables - reliability. Wind and solar power are variable since the sun and wind aren't available all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And instead of just thinking about building more natural gas plants to fill the void, we could utilize biomass plants because they are seven by 24 once you get them up and running,\" says Boyd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while other renewables are booming, biomass is on the decline in California. After dozens of plants were built in the 1980s, today, only a handful of new plants are being proposed. In 2009, biomass provided about two percent of the state's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a great infatuation with wind and solar and very rare references to biomass and some of us are trying to turn that around a little bit,\" Boyd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is simply cost. Biomass facilities need tons and tons of material and trucking it in from around the state isn't very economical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other issue gets back to the concern of whether biomass energy is really as green as supporters say. There's the problem of greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants. Another controversy is over one particular fuel source: trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All those years of Smokey Bear and fire suppression in California have created very dense forests – which are at high risk for fires. Both private and public land managers have been trying to reduce that fuel load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a lot of cases you'd do thinning operation where you take out some of the trees, usually the smaller trees, the less valuable trees,\" says Bill Stewart, a forestry specialist at the University of California - Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart says most of the material removed from forests is either burned or left to decay. So there's a lot of interest in using forestry waste in biomass plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Debbie Hammel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> says, \"I think if you're talking about waste, it's important to define what you mean.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you take too much of that residue out of the forest, you're going to have an impact on the forest floor, the fertility of the soil, erosion and potentially wildlife habitat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammel says there's a major debate over how much thinning is good for a forest. So, she worries that a larger biomass industry would create incentives to over-harvest forests. That's why Hammel says not all biomass is equal - and why waste like almond shells should be used before forest cuttings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a role for biomass done right, but it's a smaller role I think than some people imagine,\" says Hammel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking ahead, Hammel says the next thorny issue is calculating the greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants, which can be tricky since the fuels come from a number of sources. That's something the federal Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.714854 -121.75320\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When you think of where energy comes from, you might picture a power plant or maybe wind mills. You probably wouldn't think of a pile of 12 tons of almond shells.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371061255,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":892},"headData":{"title":"How Green is Biomass Energy? | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"12823 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/03/25/how-green-is-biomass-energy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/25/how-green-is-biomass-energy-2/","disqusTitle":"How Green is Biomass Energy?","path":"/quest/12823/how-green-is-biomass-energy-2","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-28-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomass3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Almond shells at the West Biofuels biomass test plant in Woodland, California.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of where energy comes from, you might picture a power plant or maybe wind mills. You probably wouldn't think of a pile of 12 tons of almond shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is hungry for renewable energy. Solar and wind power have taken off thanks to the state's ambitious clean energy goals. But there's another way to generate electricity -- by using organic material like agricultural and tree waste. It's known as biomass power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Summers is an engineer with West Biofuels at their test power plant near Sacramento. California, by the way, is the world leader in growing almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we've got more almond shells than anybody else. And you know, we know some companies that handle almond shells and they're always looking for somewhere to take them,\" says Summers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-28-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-green-is-biomass-energy\">How Green Is Biomass Energy?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But where some see a waste product, Summers sees an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So this is the heart of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westbiofuels.com/\" target=\"_blank\">West Biofuels\u003c/a> process,\" he says, pointing to a tower of industrial equipment that turns almond shells into electricity. First, the waste, or biomass, is fed into a reactor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We call it reforming, so we're re-forming what's biomass, what's almond shells into smaller particles that are gases,\" says Summers, describing their gasification technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas that's produced is a lot like natural gas, so it goes to an advanced generator where it's burned to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is where biomass is different from other renewables. The generator produces air pollution, unlike, say, a solar farm. So Summers and his team use pollution control technology to meet California's air quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, despite the emissions from biomass plants, many say there are big benefits to using waste as an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Waste is pretty green,\" says Jim Boyd, a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>. \"There's enough material out there to make thousands of megawatts of electricity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomasspile2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Matt Summers of West Biofuels stands next to their fuel source.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of unused energy sources out there, Boyd says, like construction debris and orchard cuttings. Biomass energy also has one big advantage over other renewables - reliability. Wind and solar power are variable since the sun and wind aren't available all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And instead of just thinking about building more natural gas plants to fill the void, we could utilize biomass plants because they are seven by 24 once you get them up and running,\" says Boyd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while other renewables are booming, biomass is on the decline in California. After dozens of plants were built in the 1980s, today, only a handful of new plants are being proposed. In 2009, biomass provided about two percent of the state's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a great infatuation with wind and solar and very rare references to biomass and some of us are trying to turn that around a little bit,\" Boyd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is simply cost. Biomass facilities need tons and tons of material and trucking it in from around the state isn't very economical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other issue gets back to the concern of whether biomass energy is really as green as supporters say. There's the problem of greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants. Another controversy is over one particular fuel source: trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All those years of Smokey Bear and fire suppression in California have created very dense forests – which are at high risk for fires. Both private and public land managers have been trying to reduce that fuel load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a lot of cases you'd do thinning operation where you take out some of the trees, usually the smaller trees, the less valuable trees,\" says Bill Stewart, a forestry specialist at the University of California - Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart says most of the material removed from forests is either burned or left to decay. So there's a lot of interest in using forestry waste in biomass plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Debbie Hammel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> says, \"I think if you're talking about waste, it's important to define what you mean.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you take too much of that residue out of the forest, you're going to have an impact on the forest floor, the fertility of the soil, erosion and potentially wildlife habitat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammel says there's a major debate over how much thinning is good for a forest. So, she worries that a larger biomass industry would create incentives to over-harvest forests. That's why Hammel says not all biomass is equal - and why waste like almond shells should be used before forest cuttings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a role for biomass done right, but it's a smaller role I think than some people imagine,\" says Hammel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking ahead, Hammel says the next thorny issue is calculating the greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants, which can be tricky since the fuels come from a number of sources. That's something the federal Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.714854 -121.75320\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12823/how-green-is-biomass-energy-2","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_94","quest_3483","quest_954","quest_984","quest_1132","quest_13203","quest_2409","quest_2460","quest_2993"],"featImg":"quest_12829","label":"quest"},"quest_9998":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_9998","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"9998","score":null,"sort":[1288397430000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lichen-post","title":"Tiny Lichen Point to Bigger Pollution Problems in Yosemite","publishDate":1288397430,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Tiny Lichen Point to Bigger Pollution Problems in Yosemite | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lichens\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/lichen300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A tree branch covered in nitrogen-loving lichen. (Credit: Martin Hutton)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Air pollution may seem like an urban problem, but it’s becoming an increasing concern in California’s national parks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from cars and trucks blows into the Sierra Nevada mountains, where it can have a dramatic impact on the ecosystem. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/\">Yosemite National Park\u003c/a>, researchers are trying to gauge that impact by using an unexpected tool: a fungus called lichen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite Valley is known for its granite landmarks: Half Dome, El Capitan and the sheer walls that surround the valley. But according to botanist Martin Hutton, the granite isn’t really visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically what we’re looking at is lichens. We barely even see this rock. It’s all lichens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/11/2010-11-01-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lichens\">Lichen Point to Pollution\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The southern walls of Yosemite Valley are covered in black crust. Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/naturescience/lichen.htm\">Hutton repelled hundreds of feet down the cliffs\u003c/a> to survey the species living here. “All sorts of different colors. All sorts of different shapes. They’re really special. There are no trees up there. There’s no shade.” Hutton says there are more than 500 species of lichen in Yosemite and many grow where few other plants can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lichens Connected to the Air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite looking tough, lichens are some of the most sensitive organisms in the ecosystem. Hutton uses a fallen tree branch to point out the species living there. “I see really deep saturated orange and that is Caloplaca. And there’s just this beautiful just deep saturated yellow and that is the yellow of the Candelaira.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow lichen, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eol.org/Xanthoria%20candelaria\">Candelaira\u003c/a>, is warning sign for Hutton. “If you were to go to place with very little air pollution, then you would not be seeing this many of these Candelaria species,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most plants get nutrients from the ground, lichens get much of what they need from the air. “They are basically directly connected to the atmosphere. They’re connected to all of it. They see all of it. It’s one of the reasons they’re so sensitive,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lichen are \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpm.edu/collections/pubs/botany/moss/\">sensitive to changes in the air\u003c/a>, especially from air pollution. That makes them an indicator of bigger ecosystem changes. Hutton and his team are taking lichen samples at 300 sites around the park and analyzing them to see what story they tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Pollution in the Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further into a nearby pine forest, Hutton and his team have set up funnels that collect air pollution samples. But it’s clear something else has gotten there first. Hutton’s equipment is strewn across the ground, the victim of a curious black bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, basically a bear grabbed this funnel and plucked it off the stake. They just want to make sure that there’s no food associated with this plastic funnel,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of 12 sites where researchers are measuring a key ingredient of air pollution: nitrogen. Nitrogen oxides are produced by car and truck exhaust. In Yosemite, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/naturescience/airquality.htm\">nitrogen pollution\u003c/a> isn’t only from nearby cars. It also arrives from elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all have experienced the westerly winds that happen that blow stuff essentially from over the ocean, across the Central Valley and up into the mountains,” said Lee Tarnay, Air Resource Specialist at Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution from urban areas is \u003ca href=\"http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/sien/AirPollution.cfm\">blown into the Sierra Nevada mountains\u003c/a> by those westerly winds. And the problem is: nitrogen pollution is sticky. “That gas likes to stick to pine needles and just about anything else. And these trees act as a giant collector for the gases that stream through the air,” said Tarnay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it rains, the nitrogen pollution is washed off the pine needles and deposited on the ground. As any backyard gardener knows: nitrogen is a fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All plants need nitrogen to grow. And some plants need a lot of nitrogen and some need only very little. And so in Yosemite, we already had enough nitrogen to begin with,” said Hutton. Sierra Nevada forests are adapted to low levels of nitrogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Impact of Nitrogen Pollution in the Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re worried that additional fertilizer in Yosemite could have effects that we might not anticipate. We think that the Yosemite is system as is it should be now. So we want to make sure that if there’s something harming or changing that balance, then we want to know that,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hutton says that balance is already under threat by invasive plants and many respond to higher nitrogen levels. Nitrogen can also encourage more ground plants to grow, a major concern in fire country. “If you increase the amount of nitrogen, you have plants that basically fill up the space in between these natural patches. And so that means that fires can spread a lot better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing car traffic in Yosemite could help cut air pollution. It will also depend on regional air districts across California, several of which, like the San Joaquin Valley, exceed federal air pollution limits. Hutton says he’s hopeful that research in Yosemite will help them identify pollution hotspots and manage the changes in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.756313 -119.59716\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Air pollution may seem like an urban problem, but it’s becoming an increasing concern in California’s national parks.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974691,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":944},"headData":{"title":"Tiny Lichen Point to Bigger Pollution Problems in Yosemite | KQED","description":"Air pollution may seem like an urban problem, but it’s becoming an increasing concern in California’s national parks.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/9998/lichen-post","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/11/2010-11-01-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lichens\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/lichen300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A tree branch covered in nitrogen-loving lichen. (Credit: Martin Hutton)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Air pollution may seem like an urban problem, but it’s becoming an increasing concern in California’s national parks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from cars and trucks blows into the Sierra Nevada mountains, where it can have a dramatic impact on the ecosystem. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/\">Yosemite National Park\u003c/a>, researchers are trying to gauge that impact by using an unexpected tool: a fungus called lichen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite Valley is known for its granite landmarks: Half Dome, El Capitan and the sheer walls that surround the valley. But according to botanist Martin Hutton, the granite isn’t really visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically what we’re looking at is lichens. We barely even see this rock. It’s all lichens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/11/2010-11-01-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lichens\">Lichen Point to Pollution\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The southern walls of Yosemite Valley are covered in black crust. Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/naturescience/lichen.htm\">Hutton repelled hundreds of feet down the cliffs\u003c/a> to survey the species living here. “All sorts of different colors. All sorts of different shapes. They’re really special. There are no trees up there. There’s no shade.” Hutton says there are more than 500 species of lichen in Yosemite and many grow where few other plants can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lichens Connected to the Air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite looking tough, lichens are some of the most sensitive organisms in the ecosystem. Hutton uses a fallen tree branch to point out the species living there. “I see really deep saturated orange and that is Caloplaca. And there’s just this beautiful just deep saturated yellow and that is the yellow of the Candelaira.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow lichen, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eol.org/Xanthoria%20candelaria\">Candelaira\u003c/a>, is warning sign for Hutton. “If you were to go to place with very little air pollution, then you would not be seeing this many of these Candelaria species,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most plants get nutrients from the ground, lichens get much of what they need from the air. “They are basically directly connected to the atmosphere. They’re connected to all of it. They see all of it. It’s one of the reasons they’re so sensitive,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lichen are \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpm.edu/collections/pubs/botany/moss/\">sensitive to changes in the air\u003c/a>, especially from air pollution. That makes them an indicator of bigger ecosystem changes. Hutton and his team are taking lichen samples at 300 sites around the park and analyzing them to see what story they tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Pollution in the Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further into a nearby pine forest, Hutton and his team have set up funnels that collect air pollution samples. But it’s clear something else has gotten there first. Hutton’s equipment is strewn across the ground, the victim of a curious black bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, basically a bear grabbed this funnel and plucked it off the stake. They just want to make sure that there’s no food associated with this plastic funnel,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of 12 sites where researchers are measuring a key ingredient of air pollution: nitrogen. Nitrogen oxides are produced by car and truck exhaust. In Yosemite, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/naturescience/airquality.htm\">nitrogen pollution\u003c/a> isn’t only from nearby cars. It also arrives from elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all have experienced the westerly winds that happen that blow stuff essentially from over the ocean, across the Central Valley and up into the mountains,” said Lee Tarnay, Air Resource Specialist at Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution from urban areas is \u003ca href=\"http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/sien/AirPollution.cfm\">blown into the Sierra Nevada mountains\u003c/a> by those westerly winds. And the problem is: nitrogen pollution is sticky. “That gas likes to stick to pine needles and just about anything else. And these trees act as a giant collector for the gases that stream through the air,” said Tarnay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it rains, the nitrogen pollution is washed off the pine needles and deposited on the ground. As any backyard gardener knows: nitrogen is a fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All plants need nitrogen to grow. And some plants need a lot of nitrogen and some need only very little. And so in Yosemite, we already had enough nitrogen to begin with,” said Hutton. Sierra Nevada forests are adapted to low levels of nitrogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Impact of Nitrogen Pollution in the Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re worried that additional fertilizer in Yosemite could have effects that we might not anticipate. We think that the Yosemite is system as is it should be now. So we want to make sure that if there’s something harming or changing that balance, then we want to know that,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hutton says that balance is already under threat by invasive plants and many respond to higher nitrogen levels. Nitrogen can also encourage more ground plants to grow, a major concern in fire country. “If you increase the amount of nitrogen, you have plants that basically fill up the space in between these natural patches. And so that means that fires can spread a lot better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing car traffic in Yosemite could help cut air pollution. It will also depend on regional air districts across California, several of which, like the San Joaquin Valley, exceed federal air pollution limits. Hutton says he’s hopeful that research in Yosemite will help them identify pollution hotspots and manage the changes in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.756313 -119.59716\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/9998/lichen-post","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_13193","quest_369","quest_1155","quest_1654","quest_1931","quest_13203","quest_2220","quest_2669","quest_3201"],"featImg":"quest_10001","label":"quest"},"quest_8249":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_8249","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"8249","score":null,"sort":[1284488600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"40-years-of-the-clean-air-act","title":"40 Years of the Clean Air Act","publishDate":1284488600,"format":"audio","headTitle":"40 Years of the Clean Air Act | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/1268590-R01-032_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area smog, 1968\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those too young to remember the Bay Area 40 years ago, it’s hard to imagine the mostly clear skies that Bay Area residents enjoy today filled with choking smog from factories, cars and garbage fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air pollution back in the ‘50s and ‘60s was considerably higher than it is today. What you had back then were very elevated levels of ozone, and of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Particulate\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate\">particulate matter\u003c/a> from heavy industry and automobiles,” said Jack Broadbent, CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a>, in San Francisco. ”They used to contribute to levels on the order of three or four times what you see today.“\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s population has nearly doubled since then, to more than 7 million people. But the region’s air has become steadily cleaner. In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason? \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/\">The Clean Air Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the nation’s cornerstone environmental laws, the Clean Air Act turns 40 this week. Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Richard Nixon signed the law in December, 1970, the landmark legislation will be commemorated a bit early at an \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">EPA \u003c/a>conference Tuesday in Washington D.C. with a day of celebrations, speeches and public events around the country designed to highlight the public health and environmental benefits from the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been ahead of the rest of the country in reducing smog. Because of the state’s large population and hot weather, state lawmakers approved the first \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Air pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution\">air pollution\u003c/a> regulations in 1946. Since then, California was first to require smog checks for cars, first to ban \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Gasoline\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline\">leaded gasoline\u003c/a>, first to require catalytic converters on cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much of what we’ve done here in the Bay Area is duplicated elsewhere,” said Broadbent. “You can go back east and find our rules just with a different title and different number.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act tied all the state rules together. It required the federal government for the first time to set standards for six major types of air pollution: soot, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Tropospheric ozone\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone\">ground level ozone\u003c/a>, a major source of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/8.13.1962Stoehli._scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area factory, 1962\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law ushered in a wave of state and federal standards, from scrubbers on smokestacks to the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Some of the results are dramatic. New cars sold today, with computerized emission systems and other high-tech devices, emit 99 percent less tailpipe pollution than cars sold in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the job isn’t done, say health experts and air regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal standards have become more stringent, resulting in 13 days last year when the Bay Area exceeded the new national standard for ground-level ozone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the pollution from trucks and other diesel-powered equipment, called particulate matter (PM), has until recently largely flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny diesel soot particles are inhaled deep into the lungs and have been shown to cause life-shortening health problems ranging from respiratory illness to heart problems, asthma, and cancer. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a> estimates that diesel soot from ships, trains and trucks causes as many as 2,400 premature deaths statewide each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/Plans/Clean-Air-Plans.aspx\">Air District study\u003c/a> concluded that exposure to particulate matter of 2.5 microns in width and smaller (PM 2.5) is by far the leading public health risk from air pollution in the Bay Area, accounting for more than 90 percent of premature mortality related to air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have done a great job of reducing smog levels here in the Bay Area. But there are these communities in and around the Bay Area that still of course, we believe, experience elevated levels of toxic air \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution\">contaminants\u003c/a>,” said Broadbent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has identified several “\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/CARE-Program.aspx\">hot spots\u003c/a>” or communities at much higher risk of exposure to dangerous levels of diesel particulate and other types of air pollution including Richmond, the West Oakland/ Berkeley corridor and Bayview Hunter’s Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Port-of-Oakland_CAA_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Port of Oakland, a major source of particulate matter pollution in West Oakland\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local, state and federal rules have begun to address particulate pollution. In 2006, the EPA mandated the use of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Ultra-low sulfur diesel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low_sulfur_diesel\">ultra-low sulfur diesel\u003c/a> fuel. California has also required that all ships within 24 miles of California ports to burn low-sulfur fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Increasingly we recognize the health impacts of ozone and of particulate matter,” said Dr. Tom Dailey, chief of pulmonary medicine at Santa Clara Kaiser Permanente Medical Center. “That’s why the diesel engine regulations have been so important. None of us can escape the air that we breathe and the idea of getting these pollutants out of our air has been shown to decrease the incidence of heart attacks, stroke, and asthma exacerbations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Denny Larson of the environmental justice organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gcmonitor.org/index.php\">Global Community Monitor\u003c/a>, says that while these regulations are a move in the right direction, thousands of toxic air contaminants remain unmonitored and under-regulated in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toxic, cancer-causing \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Volatile organic compound\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound\">volatile organic compounds\u003c/a> such as benzene and hydrogen sulfide are extremely dangerous to public health and quite present in the Bay Area particularly around oil refineries and other \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Fossil fuel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel\">fossil fuel\u003c/a> industries,” Larson said. “Right now, we don’t have federal standards like we do for those smog-forming pollutants for those. And there aren’t a lot of requirements to monitor for them either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made significant progress in the 40 years of the Clean Air Act,” he added. “But that’s been limited to a very narrow spectrum of air pollutants and has left out almost entirely the air quality concerns and health of millions of Americans who live near industrial facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest frontier in air regulation is in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the state Air Resources Board and the Bay Area air district are in the process of writing new regulations to control and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a fairly aggressive program,” said Broadbent. “We’ve been looking at cities and counties putting grants out to inventory greenhouse gas emissions as well as to put in strategies that are energy conservation type measures. And we were one of the first in the state, possibly the nation, to put a greenhouse gas fee on businesses emitting greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because transportation is still California’s largest source of carbon dioxide, with passenger vehicles and light duty trucks creating more than 30 percent of total climate change emissions, state lawmakers in 2002 passed a new law requiring all new cars sold in California to reduce greenhouse emissions 30 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And nationally, the EPA plans to significantly expand the scope of the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from factories, power plants and other industrial source starting next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new approach is controversial. Some business groups have argued that clean air laws already are costly for industry, and that a new layer of climate change regulation, particularly in a bad economy, will cost jobs. Proposition 23, on California’s November ballot, would suspend AB 32, the state’s landmark greenhouse gas law, until unemployment falls to 5.5 percent for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m glad we’re celebrating this but in some ways, it’s bittersweet,” said Dailey. “We still have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>MORE VIDEO & AUDIO\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/earth-day-tv-special-where-weve-been-where-were-headed\">Earth Day Special: Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Headed\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/242\">Earth Day Radio Special: The History of Environmental Justice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Perilous Diesel\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Truckers Clean Up Their Act\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s Asthma: \u003ca href=\"http://\">What Brought on the Epidemic?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LISTEN TO KQED NEWS INTERVIEW WITH REPORTER AMY MILLER\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marking a Milestone for Clean Air in the Bay Area and Beyond \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials today are marking a milestone in the fight to clean up the nation’s environment. Forty years ago, Congress passed the Clean Air Act. The law aimed to tackle the impact of air pollution from cars, industry, and other sources by setting the first nationwide limits on pollutants. Since then, levels of toxic pollutants like lead, ozone and carbon monoxide have dropped dramatically. But the victory hasn’t been complete. Particulate pollution from diesel fuel still represents a widespread health risk and battles are still ahead as regulators take on the task of cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Host Kelly Wilkinson talks about the impact of the Clean Air Act and the pollution challenges ahead with Amy Miller, reporter and producer for KQED’s Quest science and environment program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch6 class=\"zemanta-related-title\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Related articles by Zemanta\u003c/h6>\n\u003cul class=\"zemanta-article-ul\">\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://climateofourfuture.org/epa-adopts-strong-protections-against-air-pollution-from-cement-kilns/\">“EPA Adopts Strong Protections Against Air Pollution from Cement Kilns” and related posts\u003c/a> (climateofourfuture.org)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/like-a-good-neighbor-the-clean-air-act-is-there.php?campaign=th_rss\">Like a Good Neighbor, the Clean Air Act is There\u003c/a> (treehugger.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/big-birthdays-for-clean-air-act-and-opec/\">Big Birthdays for Clean Air Act and OPEC\u003c/a> (dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/clean-air-act-turns-40/\">Clean Air Act Turns 40\u003c/a> (green.blogs.nytimes.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"zemanta-pixie\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;height: 15px\">\u003ca class=\"zemanta-pixie-a\" title=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\" href=\"http://www.zemanta.com/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"zemanta-pixie-img\" style=\"border: medium none;float: right\" src=\"http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=f0e94b7a-d72c-4d12-aae5-538f8aad33ac\" alt=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7667851 -122.4125425\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit. On the 40th anniversary of the Clean Air Act, we examine the impacts that the law has had on public health, business, and environmental justice in the Bay Area and what still needs to be done to improve the quality of our air.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975038,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":49,"wordCount":1574},"headData":{"title":"40 Years of the Clean Air Act | KQED","description":"In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit. On the 40th anniversary of the Clean Air Act, we examine the impacts that the law has had on public health, business, and environmental justice in the Bay Area and what still needs to be done to improve the quality of our air.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/8249/40-years-of-the-clean-air-act","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/1268590-R01-032_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area smog, 1968\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those too young to remember the Bay Area 40 years ago, it’s hard to imagine the mostly clear skies that Bay Area residents enjoy today filled with choking smog from factories, cars and garbage fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air pollution back in the ‘50s and ‘60s was considerably higher than it is today. What you had back then were very elevated levels of ozone, and of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Particulate\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate\">particulate matter\u003c/a> from heavy industry and automobiles,” said Jack Broadbent, CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a>, in San Francisco. ”They used to contribute to levels on the order of three or four times what you see today.“\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s population has nearly doubled since then, to more than 7 million people. But the region’s air has become steadily cleaner. In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason? \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/\">The Clean Air Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the nation’s cornerstone environmental laws, the Clean Air Act turns 40 this week. Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Richard Nixon signed the law in December, 1970, the landmark legislation will be commemorated a bit early at an \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">EPA \u003c/a>conference Tuesday in Washington D.C. with a day of celebrations, speeches and public events around the country designed to highlight the public health and environmental benefits from the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been ahead of the rest of the country in reducing smog. Because of the state’s large population and hot weather, state lawmakers approved the first \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Air pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution\">air pollution\u003c/a> regulations in 1946. Since then, California was first to require smog checks for cars, first to ban \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Gasoline\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline\">leaded gasoline\u003c/a>, first to require catalytic converters on cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much of what we’ve done here in the Bay Area is duplicated elsewhere,” said Broadbent. “You can go back east and find our rules just with a different title and different number.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act tied all the state rules together. It required the federal government for the first time to set standards for six major types of air pollution: soot, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Tropospheric ozone\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone\">ground level ozone\u003c/a>, a major source of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/8.13.1962Stoehli._scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area factory, 1962\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law ushered in a wave of state and federal standards, from scrubbers on smokestacks to the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Some of the results are dramatic. New cars sold today, with computerized emission systems and other high-tech devices, emit 99 percent less tailpipe pollution than cars sold in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the job isn’t done, say health experts and air regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal standards have become more stringent, resulting in 13 days last year when the Bay Area exceeded the new national standard for ground-level ozone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the pollution from trucks and other diesel-powered equipment, called particulate matter (PM), has until recently largely flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny diesel soot particles are inhaled deep into the lungs and have been shown to cause life-shortening health problems ranging from respiratory illness to heart problems, asthma, and cancer. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a> estimates that diesel soot from ships, trains and trucks causes as many as 2,400 premature deaths statewide each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/Plans/Clean-Air-Plans.aspx\">Air District study\u003c/a> concluded that exposure to particulate matter of 2.5 microns in width and smaller (PM 2.5) is by far the leading public health risk from air pollution in the Bay Area, accounting for more than 90 percent of premature mortality related to air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have done a great job of reducing smog levels here in the Bay Area. But there are these communities in and around the Bay Area that still of course, we believe, experience elevated levels of toxic air \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution\">contaminants\u003c/a>,” said Broadbent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has identified several “\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/CARE-Program.aspx\">hot spots\u003c/a>” or communities at much higher risk of exposure to dangerous levels of diesel particulate and other types of air pollution including Richmond, the West Oakland/ Berkeley corridor and Bayview Hunter’s Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Port-of-Oakland_CAA_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Port of Oakland, a major source of particulate matter pollution in West Oakland\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local, state and federal rules have begun to address particulate pollution. In 2006, the EPA mandated the use of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Ultra-low sulfur diesel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low_sulfur_diesel\">ultra-low sulfur diesel\u003c/a> fuel. California has also required that all ships within 24 miles of California ports to burn low-sulfur fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Increasingly we recognize the health impacts of ozone and of particulate matter,” said Dr. Tom Dailey, chief of pulmonary medicine at Santa Clara Kaiser Permanente Medical Center. “That’s why the diesel engine regulations have been so important. None of us can escape the air that we breathe and the idea of getting these pollutants out of our air has been shown to decrease the incidence of heart attacks, stroke, and asthma exacerbations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Denny Larson of the environmental justice organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gcmonitor.org/index.php\">Global Community Monitor\u003c/a>, says that while these regulations are a move in the right direction, thousands of toxic air contaminants remain unmonitored and under-regulated in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toxic, cancer-causing \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Volatile organic compound\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound\">volatile organic compounds\u003c/a> such as benzene and hydrogen sulfide are extremely dangerous to public health and quite present in the Bay Area particularly around oil refineries and other \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Fossil fuel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel\">fossil fuel\u003c/a> industries,” Larson said. “Right now, we don’t have federal standards like we do for those smog-forming pollutants for those. And there aren’t a lot of requirements to monitor for them either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made significant progress in the 40 years of the Clean Air Act,” he added. “But that’s been limited to a very narrow spectrum of air pollutants and has left out almost entirely the air quality concerns and health of millions of Americans who live near industrial facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest frontier in air regulation is in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the state Air Resources Board and the Bay Area air district are in the process of writing new regulations to control and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a fairly aggressive program,” said Broadbent. “We’ve been looking at cities and counties putting grants out to inventory greenhouse gas emissions as well as to put in strategies that are energy conservation type measures. And we were one of the first in the state, possibly the nation, to put a greenhouse gas fee on businesses emitting greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because transportation is still California’s largest source of carbon dioxide, with passenger vehicles and light duty trucks creating more than 30 percent of total climate change emissions, state lawmakers in 2002 passed a new law requiring all new cars sold in California to reduce greenhouse emissions 30 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And nationally, the EPA plans to significantly expand the scope of the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from factories, power plants and other industrial source starting next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new approach is controversial. Some business groups have argued that clean air laws already are costly for industry, and that a new layer of climate change regulation, particularly in a bad economy, will cost jobs. Proposition 23, on California’s November ballot, would suspend AB 32, the state’s landmark greenhouse gas law, until unemployment falls to 5.5 percent for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m glad we’re celebrating this but in some ways, it’s bittersweet,” said Dailey. “We still have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>MORE VIDEO & AUDIO\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/earth-day-tv-special-where-weve-been-where-were-headed\">Earth Day Special: Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Headed\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/242\">Earth Day Radio Special: The History of Environmental Justice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Perilous Diesel\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Truckers Clean Up Their Act\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s Asthma: \u003ca href=\"http://\">What Brought on the Epidemic?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LISTEN TO KQED NEWS INTERVIEW WITH REPORTER AMY MILLER\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marking a Milestone for Clean Air in the Bay Area and Beyond \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials today are marking a milestone in the fight to clean up the nation’s environment. Forty years ago, Congress passed the Clean Air Act. The law aimed to tackle the impact of air pollution from cars, industry, and other sources by setting the first nationwide limits on pollutants. Since then, levels of toxic pollutants like lead, ozone and carbon monoxide have dropped dramatically. But the victory hasn’t been complete. Particulate pollution from diesel fuel still represents a widespread health risk and battles are still ahead as regulators take on the task of cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Host Kelly Wilkinson talks about the impact of the Clean Air Act and the pollution challenges ahead with Amy Miller, reporter and producer for KQED’s Quest science and environment program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch6 class=\"zemanta-related-title\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Related articles by Zemanta\u003c/h6>\n\u003cul class=\"zemanta-article-ul\">\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://climateofourfuture.org/epa-adopts-strong-protections-against-air-pollution-from-cement-kilns/\">“EPA Adopts Strong Protections Against Air Pollution from Cement Kilns” and related posts\u003c/a> (climateofourfuture.org)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/like-a-good-neighbor-the-clean-air-act-is-there.php?campaign=th_rss\">Like a Good Neighbor, the Clean Air Act is There\u003c/a> (treehugger.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/big-birthdays-for-clean-air-act-and-opec/\">Big Birthdays for Clean Air Act and OPEC\u003c/a> (dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/clean-air-act-turns-40/\">Clean Air Act Turns 40\u003c/a> (green.blogs.nytimes.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"zemanta-pixie\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;height: 15px\">\u003ca class=\"zemanta-pixie-a\" title=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\" href=\"http://www.zemanta.com/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"zemanta-pixie-img\" style=\"border: medium none;float: right\" src=\"http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=f0e94b7a-d72c-4d12-aae5-538f8aad33ac\" alt=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7667851 -122.4125425\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/8249/40-years-of-the-clean-air-act","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_92","quest_93","quest_94","quest_252","quest_266","quest_286","quest_440","quest_481","quest_615","quest_971","quest_1009","quest_13199","quest_1058","quest_13203","quest_2257"],"featImg":"quest_8268","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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