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    <name>Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail Exploration</name>
    <description>Local nature lovers can enjoy the rare opportunity to hike, bike, or ride their horses through pristine stands of old growth Douglas Fir, evergreen and fragrant coastal scrub while enjoying ridge-top vistas of our watershed lands, reservoirs, the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. To protect our watershed, hiking on the trail is restricted to docent-led ventures three days a week, with advanced registration.</description>
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      <Placemark>
        <name>Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail Exploration</name>
        <description>						&lt;table width="500"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
							Permalink: &lt;a href="http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/fifieldcahill-ridge-trail-exploration"&gt;http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/fifieldcahill-ridge-trail-exploration&lt;/a&gt;
							&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;

							Difficulty: Moderate,
							Accessibile: Yes,
							Duration: 5.0 hrs

							&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
						&lt;h2&gt;Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p align="right"&gt;&lt;em&gt;This Exploration created in collaboration with the &amp;nbsp; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.exploratorium.edu"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.kqed.org/quest/files/explo_logo_black3.gif" border="0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="left"&gt;&lt;object type="application/x-shockwave-flash"	codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=7,0,19,0"    classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"			id=""		name="player" bgcolor="#3f3f3f" id="player" width="320" height="202" &gt;	&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#000000" /&gt;    		&lt;param name="wmode" value="window" /&gt;    			&lt;param name="swliveconnect" value="false" /&gt;				&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="never" /&gt;		&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /&gt;	&lt;param value="http://www.kqed.org/quest/flash/KQEDMediaPlayer.swf" name="movie"/&gt;	&lt;param name="flashVars" value="id=1601&amp;source=http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/crystal-vid4_e.flv&amp;poster=http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/poster_frame_file/189/fifield-cahill_extra640.jpg&amp;link_url=http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/web-extra-san-francisco-watershed&amp;"/&gt;	&lt;param value="high" name="quality"/&gt;	&lt;embed 				name=""							wmode="window"		        allowFullScreen="true" swliveconnect="true" allowScriptAccess="always" bgcolor="#000000" name="player" bgcolor="#3f3f3f" id="player" width="320" height="202"  type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" quality="high"		src="http://www.kqed.org/quest/flash/KQEDMediaPlayer.swf" flashvars="id=1601&amp;source=http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/crystal-vid4_e.flv&amp;poster=http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/poster_frame_file/189/fifield-cahill_extra640.jpg&amp;link_url=http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/web-extra-san-francisco-watershed&amp;"/&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Local nature lovers can enjoy the rare opportunity to hike, bike, or ride their horses through pristine stands of old growth Douglas Fir, evergreen and fragrant coastal scrub while enjoying ridge-top vistas of our watershed lands, reservoirs, the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. Although this trail is not open for walk-in use by the general public, trained volunteer trail leaders head excursions three days a week.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://trail.sfwater.org/"&gt;Make a Reservation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Trailhead Locations&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://sfwater.org/publicImages/pridgetrail_150dpi.jpg"&gt;(map)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Skyline Quarry &#8211; access to this trail head is at Skyline Quarry Gate, which is 0.7 miles west of the intersection of Lower Skyline Boulevard and Highway 92. Look for the sign. Drive westbound on California Highway 92 crossing under Interstate 280. The "T" intersection before you cross the reservoir is Lower Skyline Boulevard. Go straight through it. Remain on Highway 92 crossing over the reservoir. After you have passed the reservoir drive approximately .5 mile. Look for a gate on the north side of Highway 92. Enter through the gate. Drive .5 mile to the parking area.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Cemetery Gate &#8211; access via Skylawn Cemetery.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Portola Gate &#8211; access via Army Road from the terminus of Sneath Lane. &lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ol&gt;
 
&lt;h3&gt;Activities&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Trail excursions on foot, bicycle, or horseback.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Trail Length&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Trail is 10 miles long and is the SFPUC-managed segment of the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail from Highway 92 to Sweeney Ridge.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Trail Connections&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Fifield-Cahill Ridge connects with the 3.7 miles of the Sweeney Ridge Trail open to the public. Visitors interested in connecting their trek on the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail with Sweeney Ridge can contact the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Trail Condition&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The trail is a gravel service road, with periods of loose base rock. Grades range from 0% to 21%. The steepest grade stretches 1.3 miles from Skyline Quarry (elevation 400 ft.) to Cemetery Gate (elevation 1,050 ft.) on Cahill Ridge, with a vertical elevation change of 650 ft.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Time&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Approximately 5-7 hours to complete the entire 10 miles on foot, with shorter events to be scheduled as needed.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Special thanks to John Fournet and Betsy Lauppe Rhodes of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, for assisting us on this project.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br clear="all"/&gt;
						&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750665112"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2450/3750665112_a2229ded52_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - The opening of the Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail on Aug. 21, 2003 was notable enough to garner a commemorative plaque and a press conference with then-mayor Willie Brown. The 10-mile trail runs through the watershed that provides and stores drinking water for the San Francisco Bay area. It's a property full of history, reservoirs, and rare and endangered species. Hiking on the trail is restricted to docent-led ventures three days a week, and advanced registration is required.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750665146"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2631/3750665146_e7806db88f_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - The commemorative plaque rests fittingly on a boulder of serpentinite, California's state rock. Serpentinite's defining feature is that it originates as crust found on the ocean floor. It only reaches the exposed surface of the earth in subduction zones--geologic areas that produce the kind of earthquakes that California is famous for.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750665226"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2569/3750665226_f3abefef74_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - A mile into the trail is a densely packed stand of Monterey Cypress. You might think cypress from nearby Monterey would be native, but in fact, these trees don't naturally grow this far north. They were planted here in the mid-30s, but why and by whom remains a bit of a mystery. The water agency may have believed the trees would gather fog drip, contributing to the watershed. It turns out that's not the case, but the stand remains.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749874769"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2654/3749874769_3184cb1a19_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - One of many signs along the trail reminding hikers that they are walking near San Francisco's water supply.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750665720"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3466/3750665720_e5b8a8e2d5_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - White, perfumey blooms fill the branches of this Ceanothus tree. Ceanothus is a member of the lilac family that does well in our Bay Area climate. These trees can also be found is gardens around northern California. </description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749875347"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3453/3749875347_35114574fd_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - Wild strawberries dot the forest floor along the trail.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749874995"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2511/3749874995_9243e18a5e_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - Panning the view from the overlook, you can see most of the Bay Area on a good day, all the way from Berkeley to San Jose to the Santa Clara valley.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749875039"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3210/3749875039_6e96ea8f40_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - Looking further down the peninsula, you can see the San Andreas rift valley, the area's main geologic feature. It was this valley that was flooded to make the upper and lower Crystal Springs reservoirs.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749875565"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2659/3749875565_707b8a6d9a_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - At Cemetery Gate, a trailhead marks the start of a one-and-a-quarter mile stretch of trail that's accessible for wheelchairs. You can reach the trailhead via Skylawn Cemetery (hence the name), just north of where Skyline Blvd. meets Highway 92. Like other sections of this trail, the accessible portion is available through advance reservation only.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749875639"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2549/3749875639_8535beb745_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - ADA accessible trails don't need to be paved. This one is a dirt trail that is firmly packed and much wider than the required three feet across. It exists on a stretch of trail that is relatively flat. The trail is used by people of all ages, the mobility impaired, and the vision impaired.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749875731"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2590/3749875731_1947c5006e_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - The accessible trail passes through two very different groves of Douglas fir. This first grove is a group of trees that was planted in the 1960s. At the time, foresters believed that planting trees was the best approach to conservation. Some forest managers have changed their views, however. This forest, for example, now needs to be actively managed to make sure that it doesn't become too susceptible to fire.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750666328"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2645/3750666328_3a642256ae_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - There is enough moisture in the forest to allow moss and lichen to grow on the bark of the old Douglas firs. In the crooks of large branches, moss and forest debris collect and make a peaty mass that's almost like soil. Sometimes it can even support growing ferns.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749875885"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2541/3749875885_63f4acb8e9_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - Along any forest trail, you're likely to see fungus on a few tree trunks. Some fungi help trees, others can take a toll. This little brown shelf is evidence of heart rot, a disease that affects hardwood trees all over the world. It begins when broken tree bark exposes the wood of a tree to the fungus. This particular fungus is &lt;em&gt;Polyporus schweinitzii&lt;/em&gt;, a common fungus in the watershed area.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750666556"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3534/3750666556_07795c4609_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - Up close, you can see a pattern characteristic of the fungus Polyporus schweinitzii. Notice how the wood is beginning to break apart in square chunks. This is why foresters call the rot caused by this fungus &amp;quot;brown cubical rot.&amp;quot;</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750666632"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2502/3750666632_16777b6cdb_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - At the base of the fallen tree found along the trail is this pile of debris, chunks of rotted wood with the distinctive cubic shape. The unfortunate tree here is a Douglas fir, but this fungus can affect many kinds of trees, including maples, oaks, spruce and pine.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749876401"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3493/3749876401_0e832c7eef_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - Pilarcitos reservoir was the first reservoir constructed in this area to bring water to San Francisco. It's all downhill from here: the water is delivered to the city via gravity, without using pumps.</description>
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        <name>9c. SFWD Logo Close-up</name>
        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750667006"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2661/3750667006_242f868f7a_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - The SF Water District's logo is, fittingly, the Pulgas Water Temple. The temple was built in 1934 to commemorate the completion of the Hetch Hetchy water system, which links the reservoirs in the peninsula watershed with a plentiful supply of water from the Sierra Nevada mountains. The inscription on the water temple reads, &amp;quot;I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,&amp;quot; a quote from Isaiah that struck a chord with a city ravaged by fires after the 1906 earthquake.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750667206"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2539/3750667206_6c13bb80d7_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - This grassland area has soils that are rich in serpentinite (the state rock that you may remember from Waypoint #1). Our state rock lends heavy metals like chromium and nickel to the soil, while offering smaller-than-usual amounts of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Not the friendliest chemistry for many plants, but the flora in this region have adapted to life on this typically Californian soil.</description>
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        <name>10b. Serpentine Grassland Flower Display</name>
        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750667144"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2598/3750667144_75422aa371_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - One flower present in abundance is the orange California poppy. No surprise that California's state flower is specialized to live on soils rich in California's state rock. You can also find the state grass, Purple Needle grass, here. It, too, is adapted to serpentine soils.  </description>
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        <name>10c. Blue-eyed Grass</name>
        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750667240"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3506/3750667240_50a49b1719_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - Blue-eyed grass (&lt;em&gt;Sisyrinchium montanum&lt;/em&gt;) is among the flowers found in this serpentine landscape. Despite its common name, this plant isn't a grass at all, but is more closely related to the lily family.</description>
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        <name>10d. Checker Mallow</name>
        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750667252"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2421/3750667252_e06da29e01_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - &lt;em&gt;Sidalcea malviflora&lt;/em&gt;, also known as Checkerbloom, These lovely pink blossoms are a common site on these PUC lands.</description>
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        <name>10e. Purple Sanicle</name>
        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750667268"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3456/3750667268_592da69c83_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - Purple sanicle (&lt;em&gt;Sanicula bipinnatifida&lt;/em&gt;) is a member of the carrot and parsley family. A native plant in the region, it's sometimes called a satellite plant because of the shape of its tiny flowers.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750667706"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3457/3750667706_a95705f76c_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - The Pacific stonecrop (&lt;em&gt;Sedum divergens&lt;/em&gt;) is a pretty little succulent that's native to northern California, as well as the Pacific Northwest. In summer it blooms with bright yellow flowers.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750667842"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3436/3750667842_2693b7d531_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - The stonecrop leaves start out green, and those that get more sunlight turn pinkish-red. In this image you can see the creeping rhizomes or stolons (above-ground roots) it sends out to spread.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750667974"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2493/3750667974_d0c762dc12_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - Pacific stonecrop grows in rocky, coastal scrub areas. Preserving its habitat is important, because the stonecrop is the only host plant for the endangered San Bruno Elfin butterfly (&lt;em&gt;Incisalia mossii bayensis&lt;/em&gt;).</description>
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        <name>11d. Indian Paintbrush</name>
        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749877325"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2545/3749877325_cc30b2789e_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - &lt;em&gt;Castilleja wighti&lt;/em&gt;, the Wight's Indian Paintbrush, appears in shades of red, orange, and pink throughout California. Native Americans used them not only as paintbrushes, but also appreciated their color as a cosmetic; some Indian tribes made a hairwash with these flowers that left their locks lustrous.
</description>
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      <open>1</open>
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        <name>12a. Lupine Habitat</name>
        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749877595"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2503/3749877595_84f9ac1100_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - Near the end of the trail are rocky hillsides covered with a variety of lupines. Lupines have a distinctive star-shaped pattern to their leaves and upright flower stalks that bloom in the spring. 
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749877473"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2644/3749877473_9f5f1dbfd3_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - There are over 80 species of lupine in California, and they live in a variety of habitats. This species, a silver bush lupine (&lt;em&gt;Lupinus albifrons&lt;/em&gt;), is famous for attracting butterflies and is one of three lupine species that hosts the endangered Mission Blue butterfly. </description>
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        <name>12c. Lupine Leaves</name>
        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750668044"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/2095/3750668044_bd8aef052c_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - The leaves of lupine plants grow in these star-like clusters. Each cluster, which technically makes up the leaf itself, can have anywhere between 5 and 28 &amp;quot;leaflets&amp;quot; depending on the species. </description>
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        <name>12d. Firebreaks</name>
        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3750668062"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3450/3750668062_b839c8cc91_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - What's behind this pattern of hillside baldness? Could it be an insect or soil chemistry? Actually, it's a human maintenance crew. These exposed patches are firebreaks, areas where dried, flammable material has been cleared to lower the possibility of a fire spreading if one were to occur. This is one of many measures the PUC takes to minimize the chance of fire in the watershed.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749877737"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3476/3749877737_4fd0185ae7_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - From the top of the trail's last hill, you can see San Andreas Lake, so named because it sits right on the San Andreas fault. This view rounds out the tour of San Francisco's water supply, being the fourth reservoir you see from the trail. The earlier reservoirs were (in order): Lower Crystal Springs, Upper Crystal Springs, and Pilarcitos.</description>
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        <description>&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3749877651"&gt;&lt;img src="http://static.flickr.com/3428/3749877651_8785535109_m.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - This fence marks the northern end of the Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail. You can reach this same spot from the other side, via a trail off of Sneath Lane, but you can't cross onto the Fifield-Cahill trail without a volunteer guide to unlock the gate and lead your way. </description>
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